秦稱戎狄：剖析關於秦人的歷史書寫

Qin as Barbarians: The Analysis of Historiography of Qin

「秦稱戎狄」是相當複雜的文化現象，文獻中的戎狄與夷狄多指周人的敵對族群，戰國中期以降東方列國則以戎狄、夷狄稱秦。必須將此現象置於秦人崛起的歷史情境中，始能得到解答。本文以戰國時期文獻中東方列國稱秦為戎狄的現象，作為剖析關於秦人歷史書寫的切入點，研究秦人的起源論述，與秦人歷史的聯繫。時間跨度為西周中葉至秦統一天下，空間主要在關中地區及甘肅東部。「秦稱戎狄」直接反映秦獨大的戰國晚期國際局勢，但考察秦人崛起的歷史情境，也能夠從其文化特質，回應「秦稱戎狄」這類取向的歷史書寫。例如，秦上層的華夏化及源自東方的族源論述，或許便是重建族群認同、攀附華夏族群的一種表現。秦下層則深受戎俗影響，人口雜有戎狄，這一方面說明秦的文化性質有階級上的差異，另一方面也為「秦稱戎狄」的客觀理由。

This paper discusses the historiography of Qin by exploring how the Qin people were depicted by Eastern polities as barbarians (Rong-di, 戎狄) in the historical literature. Such portrayals only appeared after the middle of the Warring-States period and could not be traced back to an earlier period. This paper, therefore, argues that such portrayals must be examined in the context of the rise of the Qin. As the Qin polity became powerful and prosperous, the Eastern polities dreaded the consequences of being annexed by it, and they used the derogatory term to formulate an ideology against it. Besides, Qin polity controlled part of the Northwestern barbarian tribes, and its lower class is also deeply influenced by the customs of barbarians. This paper regards these facts as the historical backgrounds of the literature depicting the Qin people as barbarians. Thus, this paper asserts that such portrayals were not only based on certain reasons but also reflected the international situation during Warring-States-period China.