戰爭狀態、元首地位與憲法變遷中的結構性力量──以現代法國在1870年之前的制憲為例

State of War, the Position of the Head of the State, and the Change of Constitution: The Case of Constitution-Making of France before 1870

本文以法國在1870年之前的制憲為例，解釋以現代自由主義為核心的文明化歷程，一方面由於其內建的個體化，而造成了社會的失序及保守勢力的反撲，並挑起國內外的戰爭狀態；另一方面，又在社會失序及內外的戰爭狀態底下，元首不僅作為行政的中心，也象徵了國家的符號，故而其地位往往成為制憲運動裡的主題。此一「自我－我群」的認同平衡，除了反映在法國的憲法變遷之中，也是現代制憲運動裡的結構性力量，唯由於法國位置歐洲地緣政治的中心，以及階序性特別明顯的三級議會，而使得法國政治對於自由主義的表現，特別激進與急切，而使其國內社會及與周邊國家的關係，也表現了特別高的衝突。特別高的衝突，也就有了更多的制憲運動，本研究也就從中整理出現代制憲裡的結構性力量。

Taking the case of France before 1870, this paper aims at exploring the structural forces in the constitution making process by the liberalism, which is the fundamental value of modern civilization. Standing at the very center of its civilizing process, the individualization explains the anomie of French society after the Revolution, as well as the backlash of the conservatives As a result, France was placed in a state of war within and without, which made the head of the state not only the center of the executive, but also the symbol of the nation. Therefore, both the role of the head of the state and the state of war can be explained by the civilizing process, within which the We-l balance stands at the center. Moreover, the balance plays in fact the role of structural forces in the constitution making of the modern time, since the civilizing process prevails globally, but much more manifestly in the case of France, because of its ''Etats généraux in the pre-modern time, and the geopolitical position. These two factors make the French politics even more radical along with the arrival of liberalism.