陶淵明「好讀書，不求甚解」析論

An Analytic Study on Tao Yuan-Ming - Delight in Study but Do Not Seek Abstruse Explanations

陶淵明自稱「好讀書」，至於所好者何書，又從這些書中得到什麼心得，並且內化成其人格理想與價值追求？則至今仍未得到詳細的探討。他的重「會意」而輕「甚解」的讀書要訣，對於何謂「甚解」，過去率以漢儒溺於章句訓詁而不通大義要旨來解讀，雖無不當，但仍不夠充分。本文以為陶淵明所篤好者，經書之外，還有史書。至於子部、集部的書雖也多所涉獵，但尚不能與經史兩類相提并論。六經對陶淵明而言，是從不斷溫故知新中，內化成為人格理想與價值追求，培養出儒者的襟抱，奠定了「進德修業，將以及時」的人生方向。因此從而立之年起，陶淵明在仕途中奔走了十幾年，希望尋得知音，獲得重用，為「大濟蒼生」作出貢獻。然而知音難覓，時不可為，幾經猶豫之後，陶淵明終於辭官歸田，以躬耕固窮終其一生。對於史書，陶淵明不但遍讀當時所能尋獲的一切書面史籍，殷勤搜尋故老相傳而尚未形諸文字的口頭歷史，而且還編纂出可以被視為通史的綱目之作─《聖賢群輔錄》(原稱《四八目》)。從博覽史書中，陶淵明開拓出貫通古今的恢宏視野，淬鍊出思考判斷的獨立精神，因而能超越於晉宋名流的一時好尚。至於「甚解」，除了碎義逃難的章句訓詁之外，本文以為凡是孤立意象去比附史實的穿鑿附會，或是視數目統計的量化為客觀，或是拘執於字面符號而不能穿越表層深入意境者，也應該被視為「甚解」的其他類型。這些不同類型的「甚解」卻有共同交集，即見樹而不見林，重枝節而不顧體幹，好剖析而不善會通。重「會意」則恰恰相反。陶淵明從經史的深厚素養中提煉出重「會意」的讀書秘訣，而得到「欣然忘食」的喜悅，自然就「不求甚解」了。

It is well known that Tao Yuan-Ming claimed himself to 'delight in study but do not seek abstruse explanations.' However, there are few researches on which books he studied, what kind of comprehension he had from the books, and how he internalized the comprehension. This paper points out that Tao was fond of reading Confucian classics and historical books. From the comprehension of the Confucian classics, Tao internalized it to form his ideal personality and values. Furthermore, Tao read most of the historical books and scripts he could collect and wrote 'The Records of the Ministers of Sages,' an outline of general history. In addition, the paper will analyze and sort out the kinds of 'abstruse explanations' Tao did not pursue explanation to the utmost. Conversely, he put much emphasis on comprehension. In the process of studying the Confucian classics and the historical books, Tao refined his reading method to comprehend the meaning of the books. Whenever he apprehended the meaning, in his happiness he forgot to eat. Therefore, it is reasonable that he did not seek abstruse explanations.