語義類型辭格辨析

Discriminating Rhetorical Figures of Semantic Types

語義飛白、詞義雙關、衍義析字之演化、語義仿和字同義異（換義）：它們都和語義有關，可稱為語義類型的辭格。因為它們都是以語義變化來達成修辭效果，看來頗為相似，常常令讀者混淆。筆者以各辭格的獨特要求為基準，將這五個次辭格一一加以辨析。首先，「語義飛白」強調語境中當事人在使用時用錯詞語或誤解語義；其他四個次辭格則是語境中當事人刻意使用，而非誤用。其次，「詞義雙關」強調同一個字詞語句在語境中兼含兩種意思，若只有一個意思，則不是雙關；其中衍義析字之「演化」、「語義仿」、「字同義異」有的會有雙關義，則是它們和詞義雙關兼格；有的不會有雙關義，則與詞義雙關無涉。再次，衍義析字之「演化」強調借形而別解為另一個意思；「語義仿」的仿體是更改本體字形而仿成；「字同義異」若兩個以上詞語都沒有使用別解，則與演化無關，若至少一個詞語使用別解，則是套用演化。最後，「語義仿」強調仿體是更改本體字形而成的臨時生造詞語；「字同義異」出現的兩個以上詞語屬於同形異義。

Semantic feibai, meaning pun, xizi of derived semantics, or semantic evolution, semantic simulation and same word with different meanings, or semantic changes are all related to semantics and can be called rhetorical figures of semantic types. They all attain rhetorical effects with semantic changes. All of them look quite similar so that readers often find them confusing. The author took the unique requirements of each rhetorical figures as the standard and then discriminated these five secondary rhetorical figures. First, “semantic feibai” emphasizes that the person uses the wrong words or misunderstands the meaning of the words in the context. Second, “semantic pun” emphasizes that the same word, phrase, or sentence contains two meanings in the equivalent context. If there is only one meaning, it is not a pun. Among them, Some of “xizi of derived semantics” or semantic evolution, “semantic simulation” and same word with different meanings have puns. It means besides their own original rhetorical figures, they have semantic pun as well. Some of these rhetorical figures does not have pun. It means they have nothing to do with semantic pun. Furthermore, “xizi of derived semantics”, or semantic evolution, emphasizes that it borrows the shape of the Chinese character and has different meaning. “Semantic simulation” means the new character is made by changing the original character. As for “same word with different meanings”, it means if more than two phrases have no other meanings, it has nothing to do with semantic evolution. If there is one phrase having the other meaning at least, it means it uses semantic evolution. At last, “semantic simulation” emphasizes the creating new character is made by changing the shape of the original character as. It is a temporarily new creating phrase. As for “same word with different meanings”, it means more than two phrases appear and they belong to same shape with different meanings.