南方華文文學共和國：一個芻議

Republic of Southern Sinophone Literature: A Proposal

本文企圖擴大及整合本人多年來的華文文學研究，提出一個既不同於大陸的「臺港暨海外華文文學研究」，也不同於王德威、史書美等近年提出的「華語語系論」。在本人過去華文文學研究提出的各種論題〔中國性，本土的不可能性、華文小文學等］的基礎上，重新強化兩個要素：南方、外部，參考布迪厄的文化場域論，及從場域論延伸出來的卡薩諾瓦的《文學世界共和國》。該論述其實隱然參照了發展經濟學中華勒斯坦的世界體系理論；該理論把世界文學的歷史重新空間化為類似中心－半邊陲－邊陲這樣的位置關係。在經濟上，全世界都無遠弗屆的被資本主義含納進它的供輸分配體系裏去。但文化與文學的狀況卻不是那樣的，譬如中文現代文學就幾乎一直在那以歐美語言為主體的「世界文學共和國」體系之外，境遇甚至糟於其他東亞小語種（如韓、越）。然而中文文學在東亞自成一「世界體系」，以中國文學為理所當然的中心，中國之外邊緣域的華文文學自八○年代後就被命名為「世界華文文學」或「海外華文文學」。本文嘗試以現有的研究成果為基礎，面對中文「世界體系」，開展一種外部論述。而南方方言和土語在這裏扮演了相當關鍵的角色。

In this article, I aim to expand and integrate my long-term studies on Sinophone literature. I propose a theory that is different from what Mainland Chinese scholars entitle as “Studies of Taiwan, Hong Kong, and overseas Chinese Literature” and from what David Wang Der-wei and Shih Shu-mei present as “Sinophone studies.” Based on the topics I have discussed in the past, such as Chineseness, impossibility of nativism, and Sinophone minor literature, this article reinforces two elements, the South and externality, and refers to Pierre Bourdieu's theory of cultural field and Pascale Casanova's La République mondiale des Lettres, which is extended from field theory. Casanova's work also implicitly refers to Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory, which re-spatializes the history of world literature as a relational structure of Core-Semi-periphery-Periphery. In economics, capitalism absorbs the whole world in its system of supply and distribution. However, this is not the case in culture and literature: Take modern Chinese literature, for example. It has always been outside of “Republic of World Literature,” which is dominated by European and American languages; the situation of Chinese modern literature is even worse than that of other East Asian minor languages, such as Korean and Vietnamese. In spite of that, Chinese literature establishes a “world system” of its own in East Asia-with Chinese literature as the center, other Sinophone literatures are named as “world Sinophone literature” or “overseas Sinophone literature.” From the current studies on various Sinophone literatures, this article attempts to develop an extrinsic discourse that deals with the Chinese “world system,” where Southern dialects and local languages play considerably key roles.