後工業社會下的兒童照顧策略：以瑞典與西班牙為例

Child Care Strategies in Postindustrial Societies: A Case Study of Sweden and Spain

隨著女性就業與彈性工作的增加、離婚與同居率的提高、結婚與生育率的下降，在後工業社會下的家庭面臨更多的新風險、不穩定，福利國家適逢少子化與高齡化的挑戰，如何因應新風險與福利政策的永續經營是值得探討的議題。本文以瑞典與西班牙兩個不同路徑發展的國家為例，討論兩國如何回應新風險以及兒童照顧體系是如何受到制度脈絡與政治行動者的影響。研究結果發現瑞典早在1970年代末期就規劃了完善的兒童照顧體系，包括津貼、公共的兒童照顧服務與親職假等方案，期間社會民主政黨與國家女性主義者對政策的推動扮演至關重要的角色，即便在1990年代受到新自由主義的影響，仍維持舊有的政策基礎，並繼續以達到性別平等為目標，以及鼓勵父親回到家庭參與共享照顧工作。而西班牙在1975年後才逐漸邁向民主化，在政治上為了避免落入佛朗哥威權時代的窠臼，各政黨對於家庭相關政策並不重視，政策規劃較傾向擴大就業提升女性就業率；女性主義者也受到新自由主義的影響，認為國家不需要過度介入家庭，政策的規劃反而會加重女性的負擔。因此，我們可以看到西班牙女性在缺乏國家支持的情況下，只好尋求私人資源而形成一種新的照顧替代方案──外籍幫傭與祖母的照顧服務，產生新的性別、階級與種族關係的不平等。

With the increase in the employment of women and their resilience, increases in divorce and cohabitation rates, and the decline in marriage and fertility rates, families in postindustrial society are facing new risks and instability. An emerging challenge, namely how to respond to new risks and the sustainable management of welfare policies, is worth exploring. This paper uses the development of different paths in Sweden and Spain examples to discuss how these countries respond to new risks and how their child care systems are influenced by institutional contexts and political actors. The study revealed that the Swedish government planned to introduce a comprehensive child care system as early as the late 1970s, which would include subsidies, public child care services, and parental leave. Social democratic parties and national feminists played a crucial role in promoting this system. This role, even if influenced by neoliberalism in the 1990s, maintained an old policy base, continues to target gender equality, and encourages fathers to participate in shared care. Spain gradually began to democratize itself after 1975. With the main focus being on avoiding the pitfalls of Franco's authoritarian era, political parties did not pay much attention to family-related policies. Policy planning tends to expand employment and increase the female employment rate. Women theists are also influenced by neoliberalism. They believe that the state should not intervene in family affairs and that related policy planning increases the burden on women. Therefore, it can be observed that Spanish women, in the absence of state support, must seek private resources to form a new alternative to care, such as foreign domestic helpers and grandmother care services, thus creating new gender, class, and ethnic inequalities.