小型社會的更生保護模式：以金門、馬祖為例

Re-entry models of ex-offenders in small societies: A case study of Kinman and Mazu

臺灣開始更生保護工作歷史已超過七十年，其服務模式包含三大項目（暫時、直接、間接保護）及五大內容（就醫、就養、就業、就學、救急），有其既定模式。但若以此既定模式評價離島金門、馬祖的更生保護服務模式及成效，有未必適用之疑慮。本文檢視過去相關文獻建議以及訪查當地服務情況，先分析金門、馬祖兩地更生保護的特性。這些特性包括：犯罪率低、更生保護個案少、人際關係緊密、包容性高、服務者與被服務者有多重關係等，是以本文認為以金門、馬祖這樣的離島小型社會，若遇到負面或偏差又緊密的社會關係，或全控的服務關係，或已經觸及服務效益的「樓地板」效應，臺灣更生保護之既定服務模式，可能需要在金門、馬祖地區微調。據此，本文對金門、馬祖更生保護服務模式，提出三項建議：兩地更生保護工作人員轉型為個案管理師，精準的「分流分類」更生保護服務對象；修法增加更生保護服務「填補式」與「自立方案」精神，以符合各地不同的社會民情與滿足各種更生人需求；小型社會之更生保護效益應有期待之合理性。

Re-entry services for ex-offenders in Taiwan have been established for more than 70 years, and by law include three schemes (temporary, direct and indirect protection services) plus five supporting programs (medical/ treatment, housing, employment/job training, education, and financial assists). However, existing schemes are difficult to operate in practice in small or isolated societies, such as Kinman and Mazu with their small population, low crime rates, tight social relations, high inclusion and connections between the customers and service providers. Worries and concerns arise when close social relations are negative and deviant, and the small society appears as a total institution, or the service is too small to be cost-effective. To better understand the nature of re-integration in small societies, this article reviews the existing scientific literature, considering crime and resources, and recommends that service providers should play a direct role as case manager to assess and allocate resources, services should be included more independent living programs to avoid co-dependent relationships between adult ex-offenders and their families, and it is important to recognize that crime and offending will remain a residual problem in any society, small or large, and that ultimately, resources need to be proportional to the problem.