論語言地理學的波傳模式與煙火模式：以排灣語重音分佈的形成與發展為例

On the Wave Model and the Firework Model of the Geolinguistic Theory: A Case Study on the Formation and Development of Stress Pattern in Paiwan

排灣語重音有兩個類型，分為二大類，一是「可變型重音」（a型）、一是「固定型重音」，後者又可以分為末音節類型（b型）、次末音節類型（c-1型）和音質敏感型重音（c-2型）。本文推論固定重音類型是排灣語「重音固定化運動」產生的新類型（a型>b/c型）。語言地理學形成論的「波傳模式」（wavemodel）可以解釋固定型重音的新生，但無法解釋重音類型演變的全程，特別是b型>c型的「回頭演變」問題。本文因此提出「煙火模式」（firework model）理論，並以此模式推斷排灣語重音可能由a型同時分化為b型及c型，然後經過方言競爭與移民，變成目前a-b-c-b-a的分佈格局。本文同時重建排灣語「高地方言」，並重建排灣語核心方言區1930年代以前的方言分佈。

The Paiwan language encompasses two major patterns of stress: variable stress(Type a) and fixed stress. The second type can be further divided into ultimate syllable stress(Type b), penultimate stress(Type c-1) and Quality-sensitive stress(Type c-2) which is derived from Type c-1. Based on the wave theory, we may infer that the fixed stress pattern arises due to 'stress fixing movement' in the language. It is a pattern that can be represented by a “wave model” as Type a > Type b/c. However, the model lacks the power of an explanation to characterize the entire process of stress pattern evolution. This paper proposes the 'firework model' as an alternative model that is more applicable to the case of dialectal divergence. Based on this model, the paper infers that the stress pattern in Paiwan might have diverged into Types b and c from Type a, and then Type c-1 spread westward and intruded into the territory of Type b. Thus the geographical layout of a-b-c-b-a stress patterns came about as seen today. In addition to the modeling of dialect dispersion, the author reconstructs the Highland dialect of Paiwan and relocates the distribution of the core dialect area of the language before the 1930s.