日本反海盜法制的現代立法意義之研究（下）

A Study on the Significance of Modern Legislation of Anti-Piracy Law System in Japan

海盜向來即有「人類的公敵」之稱，亦是歷史悠久的犯罪行為之一。鑒於海盜行為的犯罪場所在「公海」與「領海」的相異，而有「國際法上的海盜」與「國內法上的海盜」之分。據此形成國家管轄權「領域外」與「領域內」行使的問題。又海盜行為的犯罪對象，依「本國人」（含船舶）與「外國人」（含船舶）之不同，亦衍生了刑法上「國內犯」與「國外犯」的法律效力適用問題。同時海盜行為又涉及「公海航行自由」與「船旗國主義」等法理原則，呈現出十分錯綜複雜的現象。本文係針對日本海盜對處法制的現代立法意義實施探討，內容包括戰前（1945年以前）與戰後迄今，長達120餘載的法律演進、推移乃至變遷之歷史。尤其是日本現代的海盜對處法制乃由「海盜行為處罰」與「海盜行為對處」，兩個部分合而為一的特殊法律規範，兼具「特別刑事法」與「行政作用法」的立法特色。除此之外，該法律亦規範軍事組織（海上自衛隊）與警察組織（海上保安廳）在維持海上治安時，應如何使「防衛作用」與「警察作用」兩者相互結合運用的現代立法意義。

Pirates have always been known as ＂the enemy of all mankind＂ and are also one of the long-standing criminal acts. In view of the fact that the criminal sites of piracy are different between the ＂high seas＂ and the ＂territorial seas＂, they are divided into ＂piracy in international law＂ and ＂pirates in domestic law＂. Accordingly, the issue of the exercise of national jurisdiction in ＂outside the territory＂ or ＂in the territory＂ is formed. Moreover, the victims of piracy, according to the difference between ＂nationals＂ (including ships) and ＂foreigners＂ (including ships), derive the applicability of legal validity of ＂domestic offenders＂ and ＂foreign offenses＂. Simultaneously, piracy has also involved the legal principles of ＂freedom of navigation on the high seas＂ and ＂principle of the exclusive of the flag state＂, presenting a very intricate phenomenon. This article is aimed at a study on the significance of modern legislation of anti-piracy law system in Japan. The content includes the pre-war (before 1945) and post-war so far, the history of legal evolution, development and even change for more than 120 years. In particular, the modern Japanese anti-piracy law is a special legal norm that combines ＂piracy punishment＂ and ＂anti-piracy＂, which has the legislative characteristics of ＂Special Criminal Law＂ and ＂Administrative Action Law＂. In addition, the modern legislative significance of the law about regulating how the military organization (the Maritime Self-Defense Force) and the police organization (Japan Coast Guard, JCG) should combine the ＂defensive role＂ and the ＂police role＂ while maintaining maritime security.