Charles Taylor對自由與權利觀的省思及其對人權教育的啟示

Charles Taylor's Critique of the Modern Conceptions of Liberty and Rights and its Applications in Human Rights Education

本文的目的是透過加拿大學者Charles Taylor對現代自由觀與權?觀的批判?思，以形成較周全的權?觀點，進而思考如何運用在我們當前的人權教育中，使我們的學生具有適?的權?觀。Taylor對自由與權?的觀點主要有三方面：（1）自由與權?的終極目的是自我實現，因此權??使應透過個人的「反思性自我評價」進?內在反思的價值判斷，以確定自己的?動符合自我實現方向，才能正確地?使自己的權?；（2）Taylor認為權?並非人所固有的，而是社會所賦予的。社會之所以賦予人權?，本是基於對某些人性能?的重視，因而將這?能?的?使與發展視為權?，讓人們有最大可能空間去展現這種能?；（3）個人之擁有權?及?使權?，?深深依賴於社會。所以人們享受自由和權?，就相對地對社會負有義務，必須保衛這個賦予我們權?的社會，維持它的發展與繁榮，才能讓自己、社會成員及後?者享有這些自由與權?。基於Taylor上述觀點，本文析取出四項原則以做為我國實施人權教育之?考。另外，也分析「?性批判?辯」活動之特性符合此四項原則，可做為人權教育方案之範?。

The purpose of this paper is to form a more comprehensive view of rights based on Charles Taylor's critiques of the modern conceptions of liberty and rights, and to re-envision our human rights education to help our students learn an appropriate view of rights. Three main views on liberty and rights Taylor proposed are as follows. First, The ultimate goal of liberty and rights is self-realization. Therefore, the exercise of rights should be evaluated by the individual's ''reflective self-evaluation'' to determine how the exercise of rights corresponds with the orientation of his self-realization. Second, Rights are not inherent to human beings, but given by society. The reason the society gives people rights is based on the importance of certain human abilities. The development of such abilities is regarded as rights so that people have the possibility to demonstrate these abilities. Finally, the exercise of rights is dependent on the society. When people enjoy rights, they are relatively obligated to society. They must defend the society and maintain its development so that all members of the society could enjoy the rights. Based on the viewpoints of Taylor, this paper suggests four principles as guidelines for the implementation of human rights education. This paper also analyzes how characteristics of the ''rational critical debate'' conform to these principles and suggests how the activity could be used in human rights education.