日本象徵天皇制下的議院內閣制──被弱化的制度設計

Japan's House Cabinet System under the Symbolic Emperor System: The Institutional Design for Weakening the Power of the Prime Minister

三權分立已成為任何國家設計統治體制的基本共識，雖說一般在探討國家體制時習慣用總統制與內閣制來區分，但根本的問題在於探討行政及立法機關之關係。日本是實施議院內閣制的國家，但特別的是日本採取的是象徵天皇制的議院內閣制。在此種獨特的體制下，日本的國家形態是君主立憲制（立憲君主國）還是共和制（共和國），甚至日本國家元首屬誰都存在爭議。日本憲法規定國會為「國家權力的最高機關」，是「國家唯一的立法機關」，憲法賦予內閣提交法案的權力，因此國會在政治上的權力是最大的，但雖說國會成立的法案大部分都是內閣所提出，其實內閣提出的法案是由內閣下屬的行政機構所草擬，特別是大臣的任命成為派閥勢力分配的工具，導致以官僚為中心的行政國家現象非常顯著，因此日本一直有推動「行政改革」的努力。同時，在法案的事前審查制度的影響下，更使得首相實際權力的弱體化。為解決這些問題，日本會經考慮的解套辦法是行政改革與首相公選制，本文旨在從法律上探討日本特殊的議院內閣制，並探討日本倡議行政改革與首相公選制對該制度的影響。

The separation of powers has become the basic consensus of any country's design and governance system. Although it is customary to distinguish between the presidential system and the cabinet system when discussing the state system, the fundamental problem is to explore the relationship between the executive and the legislature. Japan is the country that implements the house cabinet system, but Japan is particularly called that symbolic emperor system. Under this unique system, Japan's national form is monarchy or republic is still a question. The Japanese Constitution stipulates that the National Assembly is the “supreme organ of state power” and the “state's only legislature.” The Constitution gives the Cabinet the power to submit bills. Therefore, Congress has the greatest political power, but most of the bills established by Congress are proposed by the Cabinet. In fact, the bill proposed by the Cabinet was drafted by the administrative organization of your own genus. In particular, the appointment of the Minister became a tool for the distribution of the power of the sentiment. The bureaucratic-centered administrative state phenomenon was very significant. Therefore, Japan has always had efforts to promote “administrative reform.” Under the influence of the Act's preliminary review system, the actual power of the prime minister is weakened. In order to solve these problems, the solution that Japan has considered is administrative reform and direct election of the prime minister. This article aims to discuss Japan's special house cabinet system and the impact of administrative reform and direct election of the prime minister.