馬來西亞新宗族主義：1MDB醜聞對黨財政和第14屆大選的影響

Neo-patrimonialism in Malaysia: the 1MDB scandal implication on Party Finance and the 14th General Election

馬來西亞第十四屆大選格具意義，因為這是馬國獨立以來第一次政黨輪替。巫統與國陣聯盟第一次敗給希盟，一直以來巫統藉由四大支柱來維持統治正當性，分別是強化種族政治、國際參與有利於黨內菁英、彰顯政府表現與濫用程序的優勢，但是一馬公司的各項醜聞打倒了這四個支柱，使得巫統失去其統治權，與此同時前總理納吉也因此涉嫌洗錢案。巫統一直以來透過深入參與國營事業或是公共企業以確保其在馬國的統治正當性，納吉涉入一馬公司的醜聞就是如此，包括黨國之間的模糊界線、警務機關的不公正、醜聞發生後箝制新聞及社群媒體的報導追蹤、高盛公司與中國核能電力公司等外國國有企業也設於其中，以及美國司法部公開揭露其中涉及的龐大金額。本文分析了一馬公司醜聞及大選對馬國政治體系的重塑、政黨的權力轉移、黨產與融資，以及馬來西亞與中國的關係。

What makes Malaysia's 14th general election a transformative political milestone is the ruling party has alternated ever since Malaysian independence. Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (UMNO) and Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, lost the 14th general election and parliament to Pakatan Harapan, as known as Alliance of Hope coalition. UMNO could owe its previous victories to neo-patrimonialism by establishing four pillars to solidify its legitimacy - identity, international engagement, performance, and procedural. One Malaysian Development Berhad (1MDB) scandal has undermined the legitimacy and knocked down these four pillars individually, which ended in BN losing the election and kept former Prime Minister Najib Razak into a perception of corruption. In Malaysia, UMNO has been securing its advantages by engaging deeply in state-owned institutions or public enterprise, in this case, the example would be how Najib involved in the 1MDB scandal. Strengthening coercive power of the police force in the scandal investigation, tightening the fusion between party and bureaucratic apparatuses, tightening controls on the press by blocking social media after posting its story on 1MDB, and foreign state-owned companies, such as China General Nuclear Power Corporation and Goldman Sachs International, have been deeply involved in the scandal. These practices have been solid proofs of UMNO has perpetuated a freely accessible, yet strong bureaucracy. Through analyzing the 1MDB scandal, these key transitions are reviewed under the transgressions and led to UMNO losing the 14th general election.