初探馬來西亞朋黨資本主義

Crony Capitalism in Malaysia

近年，馬來西亞前首相納吉涉嫌一馬公司貪污案件備受世界矚目，其中涉及有關政治獻金與黨產之輿論。另一方面，馬來西亞於今（2018）年全國大選中首度政黨輪替，為馬來西亞民主政治展開新的旅程。馬來西亞以朋黨資本主義聞名，依據經濟學人朋黨資本主義指數顯示，馬來西亞位居第二，同時當今首相馬哈迪也被國內譽為馬來西亞朋黨之父，因此顯現出馬來西亞朋黨企業發展之嚴重性。鑑此，欲了解馬來西亞黨產與企業，則無法不從朋黨資本主義角度下評析。為了解馬來西亞朋黨企業與各政黨黨產之面貌，本研究藉由歷史脈絡法，評述馬來西亞朋黨企業之發展，同時也探討馬來西亞國內各政黨黨產之資訊。此外，藉由經濟學人的朋黨資本主義指標與國際透明組織的清廉印象指數，以顯示出不同領導人執政時期國內貪腐狀況與朋黨企業發展情況之差異。另外，藉由媒體新聞報到顯示出馬來西亞各政黨之黨產貧富差距極大。綜合歷史脈絡資料結果顯示出，在國營企業私營化的過程中，政府皆會委派官員擔任企業之董事，促使政商勾結關係之誕生。同時，不同領導人執政時期，朋黨企業之發展也有所差別。馬來西亞國父阿都拉曼執政時期，採自由開放經濟政策且無朋黨企業；阿都拉薩推行新經濟政策（NEP），為朋黨資本主義播下種子；胡先翁時期為朋黨資本主義萌芽時期；而馬哈迪則是使朋黨資本主義茁壯成長；而納吉也隨著馬哈迪腳步，持續是朋黨資本主義持續發展。

Since 2015, the case of former Malaysia prime minister Dato' Sri Haji Mohammad Najib involved in 1MDB corruption has well known worldwide. Furthermore, Malaysia's had experience of party alternation at 14th national election in 2018. Malaysia is well known for crony capitalism, according to the Crony Capitalism Index by The Economist, Malaysia is the second place in 2016, and the prime minister Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad is also well known about crony capitalism in Malaysia. This information shows that, the problem of crony capitalism is seriously in Malaysia. Therefore, this thesis uses the structure of the historical analysis approach, to exclaim the problem of the crony capitalism and the party's poverty and understand the development crony capitalism in Malaysia. In addition, according to the data of Crony Capitalism Index by The Economist and the Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International, shows that the difference duration of the leaders caused the difference of situation of corruption and the development of the crony enterprises in Malaysia. Moreover, according to the reporter of the news, shows the disparity between the rich and poor in party’s poverty is seriously in the parties of Malaysia. Summarize the historical data shows that, the government arranged the officials as directors when privatized the state-owned enterprises. While the development of the crony capitalism, the first of the prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Rahman, who implemented the institution of free economic, hence there was no existence of the crony enterprise at that time. Tun Abdul Razak who implemented the New Economic Policy (NEP) had caused the beginning of the crony capitalism in Malaysia. Tun Hussein bin Dato' Onn, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, and the Dato' Sri Haji Mohammad Najib followed the steps of NEP to develop the crony capitalism in Malaysia, become stronger.