從知命到委命──白居易詩命限主題中才、命、心的角力與安頓

A Study on the Theme of Destiny Limitation in Bai Ju-Yi 's Poetry

本文旨在探討白居易詩中的命觀。白居易詩不僅強調知命的重要，而且對命限多所書寫。他先是感嘆「但是詩人多薄命」，指出「才＜命」的事實，隱含著對荒誕事象的不平；繼而吟詠「命則無奈何，心可使泰然」，指出「命＜心」的可能，向著委命的超越境界勉力提升。本文試圖解析在命限的困頓中，白居易如何以委命的工夫超越命限，達到泰然寬坦、至順沖和的境界。發現其中至少具有四層意義：一、依據命限詩歌的繫年表，所顯示的命限書寫的整體軌跡，可以確認命嘆的內容逐漸減少，終而努力達到「樂天知命了無憂」的境界。二、白居易面對命限課題，採取的是心境的修練，以知足無求與空朗超然的境界形態消泯了命限。其委命說與孟子的立命說正是兩條對比鮮明的自由的出路。三、白居易的委命工夫不是直線上升的進步，而是時有升降、勉力向上的進境。所以許多委命書寫其實帶有自我提醒勸勉的成分。最終以了知空性與禪定修持讓委命工夫逐漸增上，終而工夫成片。四、白居易肯定性情對命限有所影響，卻仍始終堅持要保有慵懶拙鈍的性情，默默展現了心靈的自由性，用他的抉擇沉默地保持生命的尊嚴和原則。

The purpose of this study is to explore the perspective of destiny in Bai Ju-Yi's poems. Bai Juyi not only emphasizes the importance of knowing fate but also writes about the limitation of life. He first lamented that ''but the poets die younger,'' pointing out that the fact of ''Destiny limits talent'' to complain the injustice of the absurdity. He then chanted ''Destiny is helpless but the mind could be peaceful'', implying the possibility of ''Mind is more capable than destiny.'' that managed push beyond the realm of bowing to the inevitable. This study attempts to analyze that within the dilemma of destiny limitation, how Bai Juyi managed to go beyond the restriction of destiny in a bow to the inevitable way to reach the stage of calmness and perfectness.