從「交換」看族群互動與文化再創造：日治初期苗栗地區泰雅族的研究

Exploring Ethnic Interaction and Culture Reinvention from Perspectives of Exchange: A Study of Miaoli Atayal in the Early Japanese Colonial Period

本文首先分析人類學對於「交換」這個議題的討論，接著探討泰雅社會的三種交換方式，挑戰了傳統人類學者將「禮物交換」與「商品交換」二分的盲點。在泰雅社會中「分享」及「以物易物」均扮演重要角色，「分享」的性質相當於人類學者所謂的「禮物交換」，而「以物易物」的交換過程雖然涉及等值物的交換，但是雙方必須透過溝通來確定「物」的等值與否，有時也伴隨著儀式來建立彼此的社會關係，因此並非純粹的禮物交換或商品交換。作者進一步嘗試從人類學的觀點重新組織及詮釋歷史文獻，從泰雅族文化的觀點分析史料之意義，希望凸顯歷史過程中當地人的主體性，並且將人類學研究安置在更深的歷史脈絡及更廣的地域範圍中。歷史文獻有關於日治初期苗栗地區泰雅人的文獻資料顯示：泰雅人「以物易物」的交換方式成為其與漢人、日本人的主要互動方式，漢人或日本人進入山林製腦、伐木、開墾時必須贈送泰雅人牛、豬、銀元來建立「和親盈約」的關係，符合了泰雅部落之間借用土地、或訂立盟約的方式；其次，泰雅人以山產物與漢人或日本人交換外來物資時，也必須先以泰雅人sbalay（和解）的方式處理過去糾紛，亦即以打青，埋石的方式解決爭議、訂立盟約，由lyutux見證了雙方關係的修復，才能開始交換物資，可見「以物易物」的交換也必須透過泰雅人的宇宙觀中才能理解；進而，和親盈約、打青、埋石過程中所獲得的物資，必須由部落成員分享，外來的物因此透過當地人的交換方式而具有界定部落成員的意涵。最後則討論與外界m'jyu（以物易物）交換而來的貝珠、紅布、刀子如何在泰雅社會被附予新的意義，而成為mpbay（分享）交換過程中的物；甚至，當外來貨幣進入當地社會而開啟了mtbazj（買賣）的交換方式，與外界交換過程中被帶入的「錢」也成為婚姻交換過程與治病儀式中的重要象徵物，具有轉換社會關係及重新建構宇宙秩序的意義。上述面向均凸顯了不同交換方式之間轉換的可能性，透過交換方式之間的轉換，當地人作為歷史過程中的行動者，在歷史脈絡中重新詮釋外來的政治經濟秩序，並且開展出泰雅社會文化更動態的意涵。

How “exchange” works as a mechanism to link social sub-systems has been discussed by many anthropologists. Mauss emphasized society as a totality: economy is not independent of kinship, religion and politics, but rather all of these four aspects are considered as a whole. He, however, neglected to consider how the same form of behavior may have different meanings according to local contexts, and what the dynamics of social change involve. This paper investigates the transformation of capitalism from locals' viewpoints of exchange. The meaning of exchange in local contexts is firstly considered; especially, how exchange connects and transforms relationships among different levels. Further questions follow, including how the locals perceive the exchange process and measure the value of objects, and whether images of money synthesize several meanings and themselves embody history in Atayal society. My previous research suggested that the Atayal have not become alienated from each other and from their products by changes. In deciding whether to become involved in growing new crops, they are not solely influenced by questions of market price and stability, but they also take into account how the new crops fit into their traditional understanding of work and the values they place on it. As my previous research focused on one community only, I try in this paper to further explore the transformation of capitalism in wider contexts. This research, therefore, combines the perspectives of historical and area studies to focus on issues such as various ways of exchange in different periods and areas, creation of social relationships and culture, and the agency of history.