轉折句常見語氣副詞的形成

The Formation of the Modal Adverbs Occurring Frequently in Adversative Clauses

漢語有不少語氣副詞經常搭配轉折句，像是「偏」、「偏偏」、「竟」、「竟然」、「居然」等，其概念都含有一定的轉折性，本文即欲探討這五個詞的歷史演變過程及其轉折性的成因。文中指出，這五個詞的前身亦為副詞，均因具有區別作用，故常搭配轉折句，並沾染語境義而發展為帶有轉折性之語氣副詞。其演變過程與漢語其他轉折關聯詞的歷史有相通之處，也可對應到跨語言研究所提語義地圖。語氣副詞與複句的緊密性，可從彼此間的雙向強化作用以及二者活躍於知域與言域得到解釋。由於各詞本義不同，也影響後續演變及用法，文末也將從歷史角度解釋這五個語氣副詞的現代用法差異。

In Chinese there are some modal adverbs occurring frequently in adversative clauses, such as Pian, Pian pian, Jing, Jing ran and Juran. This paper is going to explore their developments and the formation of the bond with the adversative clause. According to our historical observation, they were all regrammaticalized from the adverbs with the function of ＂distinguishing＂ and it's this function which made them appear in adversative environments and hence absorb the adversative meaning from the context. This kind of development is quite similar to the histories of adversative linking words in Chinese and their historical paths can also be found on the semantic map of adversative markings based on cross-linguistic researches. The close connection between modal adverbs and complex sentences might due to the reason that they can functionally reinforce each other and are both quite active in epistemic and speech-act domains. Since the original meanings have a continuous influence on the following usages, the syntactic difference among the five adverbs can also be well explained from the historical point of view.