《通典．賓禮》所見的唐代對外意識

The ‘etiquette to guest' in Tong-tien and Tu-Yu's Consciousness of Frontier

本文以三個面相分析《通典》對於賓禮的理解。首先是從〈沿革〉的編排結構與書寫內容切入，指出杜佑應該是有意識地略去與蕃國相關的賓禮材料，其動機源於他對天下秩序的想像，即維持九州以內的安定，並減少與九州之外夷狄的互動。第二部分從〈賓禮〉卷中的第一條內容切入，杜佑明確區分出君臣與主客兩種不同的關係，處於非正朔地區的夷狄只能以客禮對待。且相似的論述，可遠溯到漢代宣帝時匈奴賓服、臣服的個案討論中，蕭望之便明確指出經由主客關係建構出夷狄為「敵國」的身分，叛服不需由中國介入，但若是建構君臣關係，中國便要維持住對方「臣」的身分。此個案在《通典》中並未納入〈賓禮〉的篇章，而是放在〈邊防典〉中，這點顯示出杜佑並不將漢代朝廷與匈奴的互動視為賓禮，僅是四夷主動對中國的臣服，甚至只是「邊－四夷」間的互動，與杜佑想像中的賓禮並不相同。第三部分從唐朝賓禮施行的面貌切入，說明唐朝中央制度運作上展現出不主動干涉九州之外事務的態度，但仍與《通典》反對華夷之間密切來往的想法不同。杜佑的想法更為激進，宛若間接批判唐代盛行的冊封與朝貢體制。

The article analyze from three different facets the understanding of ettiquete toward guests seen within Tong-tien edited by Tu-Yu in the mid-Tang dynasty. First, from the arrangement structure and contents of the ‘history' chapter, we could say that Tu-Yu might have consciously ignored the materials which concerned rituals regarding foreign countries. His motive was to construct the image of ‘tian-xia order' of his own. This image was meant to maintain the stability in “Jiuzhou,” which referred to the region under the Chinese dynasty' reign. It would reduce interaction with barbarians outside “Jiuzhou.” In the second section, I investiage the first article of ‘the etiquette to guest,' discussing the topic of ‘emperor-official' and ‘host-guest' relationships. Tu-Yu distinguished these two different relationships very clearly and believed they could only treat barbarians, living outside from “Jiu-zhou,” with etiquette rules that applied to a guest, not an official. A similar discourse could also be traced back to Han dynasty. In the reign of Xuan-Ti, when the Huns surrendered to the Han, a minster named Xiao-Wangzi pointed out that a ‘host-guest' relationship meant that barbarians were treated as being from a foreign country. Thus their surrender was up to their own will. However, if the ‘emperor-official' relationship were used, China held an obligation to ensure their official status as well as the barbarians surrender. Tu wrote about this case not in “etiquette to guest” but in “frontier defense,” which illustrates that Tu did not regard the interaction between Han dynasty and the Huns as etiquette to guest, but only that barbarians took the initiative to surrender to China. It was an interaction between China's frontier and barbarians. These types of interaction were not same as Tu's notion of etiquette to guest. In the third part, I explore how the etiquette to guests functioned in Tang's institutional operation. The agency and institution showed an unwillingness to take the initiative to interfere with matters outside “Jiu-zhou.” This attitude was still different from Tong-tien, which opposed any interaction between Tang and barbarians. Tu's thought was more radical, even though he seemed opposed to the tributary system in Tang dynasty.