余英時的士人論及其歷史思維──以宋代「君臣同治天下」觀為切入點

Yu Ying-shih's Perspective on Scholars and History: The Concept of “Co-governance between Monarch and Statesmen” in Song Dynasty

「君臣同治天下」為宋代著名廷爭史料，余英時在其《朱熹的歷史世界》一書中，認為此觀念乃宋代士人政治主體意識顯豁之表現。本文試圖自思想史與制度史兩個脈絡，對宋代「同治天下」觀進行內在理路與外緣影響層面之考察，指出此間之「承」與「變」，並對余氏之說重新商榷。藉此觀點之鑑照，筆者進一步凸顯余英時士人論與歷史思維之特質；認為余氏之研究除了著力於將士人思想加以「脈絡化」之外，更特別重視在環境的限制中，知識人的「自覺」，及此自覺在時代洪流中所具有的意義與價值。透過歷史論述，余氏一再強調歷史洪流中思想的「能動性」與人的「主動性」；在思想與歷史的互動中，人的精神價值正是突破決定論局限的樞紐。

In The Historical World of Zhu Xi, Yu Ying-shih (余英時) argues that the concept of “Co-Governance between Monarch and Statesmen” is an expression of the political consciousness of Song scholars. By using both the methods of intellectual history and institutional history, this article examines the concept of “Co-governance” from the points of view of inner logic and outer influences. Through this analysis, the author wishes to highlight the distinctiveness of Yu Ying-shih's view on scholars and of his conception of history. According to the author, Yu's research not only manages to contextualize the scholars' thought, but also brings to light the historical meaning and significance of their “awareness” achieved within the constraints of their time and milieu. By means of his historical narrative, Yu is able to stress the dynamic and vital character, as well as historical significance, of human action and thought, thus succeeding in transcending the limits of historical determinism.