元明關中學術發展與歷史記憶、文本流傳的變化──從一則史事考訂談起

Changes in Historical Memory and Texts in Transmission in the Context of Intellectual Development in Guanzhong during the Yuan-Ming Period: A Correction of Errors in the Lien Hsiang Ch'uan Yuan

這篇文章探討一則存有離譜時空錯誤的軼事，是在何種時代背景下產生，又在什麼樣的政治社會環境下被接收而成為文本，以及這個文本在明代方志被刪節的可能原因，並思考這些現象的意義。筆者以《類編長安志》的〈廉相泉園〉為討論對象，說明這則軼事來自學術風氣改變的年代，很可能由於關中士人尊崇鄉里先賢與順應道學漸具影響，雜揉「文章派」與「德行派」士人於一爐。作者駱天驤應當是採訪故老而得知這個故事，以他的經歷應當明悉其中的時空錯置，但是元代仕宦與交遊重視師友淵源與學術背景，〈廉相泉園〉建構了道學家與文章派士人乃至於駱天驤本人問學從遊的淵源，利於駱天驤與受道學教育的陝西官僚往來。收錄〈廉相泉園〉對駱天驤有利無害。歷史記憶在學風漸異的時代產生變化，並且成為文本、被定案。明代嘉靖與萬曆年間的兩本《陝西通志》，收錄了刪節不一的〈廉相泉園〉，其中差異可能源自編者對關中理學史、元代儒者的認知不同。〈廉相泉園〉的歷史告訴我們，文本的產生與流傳皆存有特殊意義，對此加以研究，方能更準確的利用文本，並印證各時期的學術發展脈絡。

This paper addresses an extremely anachronistic tale unrecorded in the dynastic histories, it's historical context, the socio-political context in which it came to be written down, as well as the possible reasons why the text was then abridged in Ming Dynasty gazetteers. The significance of these phenomena are considered and discussed. The text discussed is the “Lien Hsiang Ch'uan Yuan,” part of the Leibian Chang'an Zhi. The author suggests that the account originates from a period of change in the intellectual climate. It is likely that the text confounds elites of the Wen Zhang School (a group associated with literature) with those of the De Hsing School (a group associated with Neo-Confucianism) because of the admiration elites of the Guanzhong district had for ancient sages from small towns, as well as the growing influence of Daoism. Luo Tianxiang, the text's author, probably learned of the story from interviews with elders. We can assume that Luo's experience must have informed him of the anachronistic nature of the account. However, great emphasis was put on the pedigree and intellectual background of one's teachers and friends for those serving in office or engaging in exchanges during the Yuan period; the writing of “Lien Hsiang Ch'uan Yuan” created an opportunity for Luo Tianxiang to create relationships based on scholarly exchange with Daoist scholars and elites of the Wen Zhang School, allowing him to make inroads with individuals educated in Daoism within the Shaanxi bureaucracy. Recording the account of “Lien Hsiang Ch'uan Yuan” therefore could only be to Luo's advantage. In this era of gradually shifting intellectual trends, historical memory was in this way altered and set down in the written record. Abridged versions of the “Lien Hsiang Ch'uan Yuan” were later included in two editions of the Shaanxi Tongzhi (The Shaanxi Provincial Gazetteer) during the Ming Dynasty in the years between the Jiajing and Wanli periods. Variations between the two editions can be attributed to the editors' dissimilar approaches to the history of the Guanzhong School and the Yuan period Confucianists. The lesson that the history of the “Lien Hsiang Ch'uan Yuan” teaches us is that the creation and transmission of a text is unique. Only by engaging in research of textural history can we more accurately make use of texts and come to authoritative conclusions about the climate of intellectual development in each historical period.