關於日語近義漢語前綴詞素「逆－」「対－」「抗－」之分析

An Analysis of a Synonym Set of Japanese Kango Prefixes: 'GYAKU-', 'TAI-' and 'KOU-'

表示事物相反或是反抗、對抗之義的日語近義前綴詞素除了有「反－」「アンチ－」之外，還有「逆－」「対－」「抗－」等三詞；本篇論文首先分析「逆－」「対－」「抗－」此三個漢語系前綴詞素之語意用法及構詞特徵等，再將其分析結果與同樣是近義詞的中日同形漢語前綴詞素「反－－」及日語外來語前綴詞素「アンチ－」做對照比較，探討其間的類似及差異之處，以釐清這五個前綴詞素其間的近義對應關係。經由本篇論文考察，闡述釐清了這五個日語近義前綴詞素具有表示〈事物相反或是反抗、對抗〉的共同語意屬性之外，它們在做為前綴詞素發揮造詞（派生詞）功能時，會因為各自發揮其特別的語意屬性，而呈現日語本身不同詞種之間以及中日文彼此之間複雜的近義對應關係。此外，透過本篇論文所考察之漢語前綴詞素「逆－」及「抗－」的構詞現象，以及外來語前綴詞素「アンチ－」與漢語前綴詞素（「対－」「抗－」）之間的近義對應關係來看，本篇論文再次論證了日語漢語前綴詞素「反－」所具有的「由下而上」之「逆」概念。

The purpose of this article is to analyze the semantic relationships among five prefixes with similar semantic attributes, “HAN-“, “ANTI-“, “GYAKU-“, “TAI-“, and ”KOU-”. Besides 'HAN-' and 'ANTI-', 'GYAKU-', 'TAI-' and 'KOU-' are also Japanese prefixes which mean “opposite”, 'against', and 'opposed to'. First, the research focuses on the three Kango prefixes, “GYAKU-“, “TAI-“, and ”KOU-”. We analyze similarities and differences on word usages, meanings, and word formation processes among the three prefixes. Then we take the three prefixes to further compare with the Kango prefix “HAN-“, which owns the same Kanji symbol in Japanese and in Mandarin, as well as the Gairaigo prefix “ANTI-“. According to the analysis results, the five prefixes do not only have similar semantic attributes(opposite, against, and opposed to) by themselves, but are also shown apparent connections among their derivatives and Mandarin translations. In addition, based on the results we found from word formation of Kango prefixes 'GYAKU-' and 'KOU-', as well as from connections between Gairaigo prefix 'ANTI-' and Kango prefixes, we once again proved that the Japanese Kango prefix 'HAN-' possesses a core meaning of 'opposite', which means 'go from bottom to top'.