他動詞「挖」（掘る）的意義分析──以分析「挖」的多義性及其框架機能為中心

An Analysis of the Semantic Structure of a Japanese Verb '掘る(to dig)'-Analyzing its Polysemic Meanings and Functions of Frame Supporting the Actions Expressed by '掘る(to dig )'-

本稿的目的首先在於：解明構成動詞「掘る」意義概念的原型（prototype），也就是其中新的意義特徵之後，進一步對「掘る」的「基本義」及由其基本義延伸出來的多義性的別義所構成的，動詞「掘る」的整體意義結構。第二點在於，由前述的意義結構所支撐的動詞「掘る」在因應各種相異的狀況時雖然會形成各自的「框架（frame）」 ，但在構成各個個別框架的構成成員之中，在何種狀況下，那些詞或者語句會歸屬於被顯在化的集團，那些又會歸屬於被潛在化的集團呢？針對這點本稿將舉出例句進行考察。第三，說話者「視點的相異」會造成動詞「掘る」所表現概念發生微妙的變化，這樣的語言現象究竟與框架結構有什麼闢係呢？本稿將對此進行分析。接著第四點，本稿將以「苗木を庭のる地点まで運んで、そこ穴を掘った（將樹苗搬到庭院裡的某處，並在那兒挖了洞）」這個例句為例，通常聽者藉由理解這個句子可以推論出接下來的動作是「掘った穴に苗木を植える（在挖出來的洞裡種樹苗）」，本稿指摘我們人類這樣的「推論」機制和動詞「掘る」所造成的框架結構有多深的關係。本稿將基於認知意義論的意義分析法及框架分析法，對前述的四個問題進行分析、解明，最後以關係圖的方式來呈現框架結構。

This paper intends to analyze concepts expressed by the Japanese verb ”掘るto dig”, to clarify semantic phrases forming core meanings termed ”prototypes,” and to illustrate its semantic structure supported by a group of semantic phrases related to these prototypes. In order to clarify the semantic structure supporting the verb ”掘る”, the analysis discusses how individual polysemic words demonstrated by ”掘る” are formed and /or extrapolated from the basic concept by mechanisms used to expand its meanings. These mechanisms include metaphorical expansion as well as metonymical expansion. These polysemic words form the semantic structure supporting the concepts that the verb ”掘る” expresses. Further, this analysis discusses words and phrases that form the frame structure which supports expressions that the verb ”掘る” illustrates under certain circumstances. These words and phrases include parts of speech spoken by a speaker, and those that are latent. Both parts of speech whether spoken or latent are semantically joined and form the frame structure. The paper analyzes how the frame structure functions and activates latent elements when the speaker switches the focus of attention to different parts of speech within the sentence. In conclusion, this paper defines cases of the speaker switching to polysemic words from the basic meaning expressed by the verb ”掘る”. The function of frame structure is critical to transforming latent stand -by elements to active participants in the polysemic words verbally communicated by the speaker. This paper illustrates the frame structure consisting of all the dig's polyseimic meanings in the final page.