日語形容詞與形容名詞的複合詞──形態、意義與功能

The Formation, Meaning and Function. fJapanese Compound Adjectives and Adjective Nouns

本文首先介紹日語複合詞的基本概念與相關前人文獻，再分析並記述日語複合形容詞與複合形容名詞的形態、意義與功能。主要的結論包括：（一）日語複合詞的內部結構本來包括主謂式、偏正式、並列式與賓述式（主要限於複合名詞）。但是，日語的複合形容詞與複合形容名詞似以主謂式與偏正式居多，而屬於並列式的例詞卻很少（例如，複合形容詞），甚至幾乎不存在（例如，複合形容名詞）。（二）如文中所附的樹狀結構圖所顯示，日語的複合詞，無論是形容詞或是形容詞名詞，都屬於主要語在右側的同心結構，無異反映了日語在語言類型上屬於「主要語在末端的」語言特徵、以及「句法規律與詞法規律之間常呈現對稱性」的語言事實。另外，本文針對著影山（2009）把屬於少數看似例外的異心結構的複合形容名詞（例如，「太つ腹（な）、悪趣味（な）」）分析為「依存語在兩端的屬性滲透合成複合形容名詞」的處理方式，另外提出把這些複合形容名詞分析為「主要語在右端的同心結構的複合形容詞」，　再經過轉類來變成「異心結構的複合形容名詞」的處理方式，並比較這兩種處理方式的利弊。

The present paper deals with the external function as well as the internal structure of compound adjectives and adjective nouns in Japanese. The conclusions of the paper include :(1) though the internal structures of Japanese compounds mainly consist of the ‘subject-predicate type’, ‘the modifier-head type’ (mostly limited to compound nouns), the ‘coordinative type’ and the ‘complement-predicate type’, the great majority of compound adjectives and adjective nouns belong in the ‘subjective-predicate’ and ‘modifier-head’ types, with only a few exceptional cases of compound adjectives, but not compound adjective nouns, belonging in the ‘coordinative type’. (2) Japanese compounds, whether adjectives or adjective nouns, are ‘right-headed’ and thus are all ‘endocentric’ in nature. It must also be pointed out that while Kageyama (2009) analyzes compound adjective nouns such as “太つ腹（な）、悪趣味（な）” as “double-dependented” in structure with the categorial features of both dependents, our paper adopts the analysis that these compound adjective nouns are better converted from the corresponding compound adjectives, since there exist subject-predicate compounds ,that can be used as both compound adjectives and adjective nouns.