學齡前兒童之母親遊戲行為初探：依戀比較與文化比較

Play Behaviors of Mothers of Preschoolers: Attachment and Cultural Comparison

本研究以「母親遊戲行為Q分類」（QMP）探討「依戀關係」、華人父母之「機會教育」、美國家庭之「培養自尊」三種構念下的母親遊戲行為。研究一以家訪觀察取得台北地區30位學齡前兒童的依戀Q分類，比較安全與不安全依戀兒童的母親在15分鐘的實驗室親子自由遊戲中之行為差異，及母親行為之QMP描述與專家效標之間的相關值（「安全依戀母親遊戲分數」）的依戀組間差異。結果發現大台北區安全依戀兒童的母親之肢體干擾行為顯著高於不安全依戀兒童的母親。研究二納入了研究一中的30對親子及美國紐約地區中產階級家庭的16對親子，比較母親的遊戲行為與「機會教育」與「培養自尊」兩種構念符合度的性別及文化差異。結果支持過往的跨文化質化研究結果，華人母親較容易於親子自由遊戲中出現教導與命令行為，且其遊戲行為符合機會教育特徵的程度高於符合培養自尊特徵的程度。本研究之結果也提供「機會教育」在文化比較中的意義之省思。

The present study applied the Q-set of Maternal Play (QMP) to describe the individual differences as well as cultural differences of maternal play behaviors. Study 1 investigated the individual differences of attachment in maternal play behaviors. Thirty Chinese mothers and their preschoolers (mean age = 4 year 10 month) from Taipei were visited at home. Children were assigned to either Secure or Insecure Group according to their behaviors described by the Attachment Q-Set (AQS). These mother-child dyads also participated in a 15-minute laboratory free-play session. Maternal behaviors during play were described by QMP-Version 2.0, which includes seven dimensions of (1) Creativity, (2) Praises & Affections, (3) Teaching & Directives, (4) Sensitivity, (5) Appreciation, (6) Responsiveness, and (7) Physical Interruption. Each mother's QMP description was correlated with the criterion sort of the play behaviors of "hypothetically most secure child's mother." Results revealed that mothers of the Secure Group exhibited more physical interruption, F(1, 28) = 4.96, p < .05, employed less teaching and directives, F (1, 28) = 3.97, p < .06, and were marginally more sensitive, F (1, 28) = 3.60, p < .07, than did mothers of the Insecure Group. Study 2 explored whether mothers from Taipei and New York were different in their tendency to display the "opportunity-education" (Fung, 1999) and "self-esteem promotion" (Mintz, 1999) play construct that represents the Chinese and Western child-rearing value respectively. Participants included the 30 dyads in Study 1 (Taipei) and 16 dyads (preschoolers' mean age = 4 year 5 month) from Long Island, New York. The precedure of the laboratory free-play session was the same as in Study 1 just that the maternal play behaviors were described by QMP-Version 1.0. The criterion sorts of "opportunity-education" and "selfesteem promotion" were established using QMP. Results confirmed prior findings that Chinese mothers were more likely to use teaching and directives, F (1, 42) = 4.91, p < .05, while mothers from the US applied marginally more praises and affections, F (1, 42) = 3.86, p < .06. The Culture Group by Play Construct two-way ANOVA revealed significant interaction effect, F (1, 44) = 4.77, p < .05. Chinese mothers' play styles matched the construct of "opportunity-education" more closely than that of "self-esteem promotion", while mothers from the US applied the two play constructs similarly. Cultural differences of rearing style were discussed.