社會化歷程中的父母教化方式與子女的行為發展

Effects of parent-child relationship on child development

回顧心理學者對於父母教化方式與子女行為發展間關係主題的探討，可以發現在觀念上有兩大明顯的轉變。第一階段的轉變，是從子女行為發展被動的受父母教化方式影響的觀點，轉變成親子間對對方行為發展是彼此交互影響的觀點；在這轉變過程中，雖然已經更客觀的指出個體在家庭社會化歷程中的真實面貌，但是並沒有提供出什麼樣的親子互動歷程，才是最有效的家庭社會化歷程的答案。第二階段的轉變，則是從親子間彼此交互影響的觀點，轉變成親子間整體互動關係才是決定子女行為發展的主要因素的觀點；這正是為了找尋出最有效的親子互動歷程所做的轉變。基於上述對研究觀念轉變的體認，本研究將親子整體互動關係界定為：親子雙方長期交互互動下，彼此對對方行為與反應所建構的互惠性預期與刻板化解釋。採用這種界定觀點來探討它對子女行為發展的特點，在於（1）它由對靜態類型變項轉變到對動態互動歷程的注意；（2）它自單向或片面的注意角度轉變到對互動雙方整體關係的關注；（3）它自教化技巧效果轉變到同時結合教化技巧與親子情感兩項因素效果的解釋。在分析了298位不同教育程度、城鄉地區的父親與母親，對自己特定子女整體教化歷程的深度訪談資料後，結果發現對於子女行為發展或表現的正面效果，採互惠性比採非互惠性教化互動關係者優、採引導式比採強制式教化技巧者優、採以子女為中心比採以父母為中心的引導式教化技巧者優，及同時結合教化技巧與親子情感兩項因素變項要比單純考慮教化技巧變項的效果優。總之，以親子整體互動關係並考慮整體動態互動歷程的新分析單位，是未來家庭社會化研究相當值得採行的研究取向。

There have been two distinctive shifts in the conception of the parents role in socializing children. The first shift was from a unidirectional to bi-directional approach, and the second shift from a bi-directional approach to a relationship approach. According to the relationship approach, the entire parent-child relationship is the most important determinant of child development. This study defines the parent-child relationship with both sides having constructed a reciprocal expectancy and stereotypic interpretation about the other's behavior and responses over the long term. This definition has three key points: (1) it concerns the process of parent-child interaction; (2) it focuses on the entire parent-child relationship as a new analytic unit; and (3) it creates a new factor by combining the effects of parenting skills and affection on child development. Following the analysis of 298 in-depth interviews with fathers or mothers of varying education levels and demographic characteristics, this study finds that: (1) reciprocal relationships engender a more positive effect than non-reciprocal relationships; (2) a guidance style has a more positive effect than a coercive style; and (3) adopting a child-centered guidance style produces a more beneficial effect than that that of a parent-centered guidance style; (4) parenting skills are combined with parent-child affection has a more interpretation power than simple using parenting skill factor, on child development. These findings have created a new direction in the study of family socialization.