從莊子「無用之用」察其「用」之蘊義

A Study on the Meaning of “Usefulness” in Zhuang Zi's “the Usefulness of the Uselessness”

本文從字義上探討莊子「無用之用」的真正意義，得知其並非否定「用」之價值功效，而是從「本顯價值」的向度肯定對象之實用性，藉此有別於常人經由「他賦價值」的考量來忖度對象之實用觀，讓對象顯發多元價值之「大通為用」。莊子透過「無用」開顯「心氣之用」的認知意旨，將「用」之主導權轉移至對象本身，適性而用以達全己益人之效；惠子則以「心符之用」為認知意旨，將「用」之主導權建立在使用者主觀意識上，致使窘於其用。莊子以「心氣之用」應世之目的，在消解常人（或惠子）因「智」而起分別心之成見，讓用之價值不落小大對立差別，並拈出「處於材與不材之間」隨機顯用要領，使個己免受執用自限之累，進而處身通達其用以合於道之逍遙化境。

This study first explores the true meaning behind the word, Zhuang Zi’s “the usefulness of the uselessness,” and reveals that it does not deny the value and benefit of “usefulness,” but affirms the practicality of the object according to “the value of its original display,” which is different from ordinary people taking the practical value judged by themselves as a criterion. “The value bestowed by others” is used to measure the practicality of the object, so that the usefulness of the multi-values of this object can be uncovered.That is, Zhuang Zi uses “uselessness” to unfold the meaning of “xin qi zhi yong,” which transfers the dominance of “usefulness” to the object itself so that it can be used to achieve the benefits of self-interest; Hui Zi takes “xin fu zhi yong” as its meaning to establish the dominance of subjective consciousness on “usefulness” and this confines the opportunities where this object can display its multivalues, causing it difficult to show its usefulness. In addition, the purpose that Zhuang Zi applies “xin qi zhi yong” to deal with the world is to dissolve the stereotypes of the discrimination in our minds produced by “knowledge (Zhi).” Thus, the values of usefulness will not fall into the opposites and difference, and the disputes among people will disappear.Finally, the relationship between Zhuang Zi’s “xin qi zhi yong” and “Human World (Renjianshi)” is explored. As a result, the value of its own application of “Dao” to achieve its usefulness is clarified, how to randomly display and use “worthiness and worthlessness” is found out, and the criteria used in selection need to adapt to the context, so that we can be free from the self-limitation caused by detachment to worldly value, and then let our minds free and unfettered.