2018年民事法發展回顧

A Retrospective of the Development of the Civil Law in 2018

2017年底至2019年初，民事實體法在司法方面之發展為，最高法院在此期間作出數則重要判決與決議，其涵蓋面向從民法總則之消滅時效（以民法第128條所定時效起算點，與公害案件之時效問題為核心）、債編之無因管理（以無因管理之體系構成為核心）、不當得利（以受益人取得不動產登記名義時，受損人在給付型與非給付型不當得利如何行使其權利為核心）、侵權行為（以是否承認被遺忘權、其與不法性之關係及侵害被遺忘權時之法律效果為核心）與違約金（以違約金債權是否為從權利、違約金請求權之時效期間，與其債權金額應如何計算為核心），以至於物權編之抵押權（以物上保證人與保證人之關係，與民法第880條之解釋與適用為核心）。本文係以過去學說已提出之見解為基礎，就所揀選出之實務見解加以評釋。再者，民事實體法在立法方面之發展為，於此期間存在幾項重要的立法活動，諸如由法務部主導，現正進行中之時效規定之修正、土地法第三十四條之一執行要點之修訂，以及司法院釋字第七四八號解釋施行法之通過等，均值詳加介紹。

From the end of 2017 to the beginning of 2019, the judicial aspect of the civil substantive law developed as a result of several important decisions and resolutions made by the Supreme Court. These decisions and resolutions cover multiple aspects in respect of the Civil Code, including the extinctive prescription set forth under the Part of General Principles (focusing on the issues of the commencement time of the extinctive prescription under Article 128 of the Civil Code and the extinctive prescription of public nuisance cases), management of affairs without mandate (focusing on the system structure of management of affairs without mandate), unjust enrichment (focusing on how the person suffering losses can exercise her/his rights in the events of unjust enrichment from others' payment and unjust enrichment not from others' payment where the real property is registered in the name of the beneficiary), torts (focusing on whether the right to be forgotten should be acknowledged, its relation with illegality, and its legal effects), penalty (focusing on whether the right to claim penalty is an accessory right , the extinctive prescription for claiming penalty and how to calculate the amount of the penalties) set forth under the Part of Obligations, as well as the mortgage set forth under the Part of Rights in Rem (focusing on the relationship between the third party who creates a mortgage for a debtor and the guarantor, and the interpretation and application of Article 880 of the Civil Code). Based upon scholars' opinions having been published, this article provides comments and analysis on the court decisions and judicial interpretations selected by the author. Furthermore, from the legislative perspective, the civil substantive law during this time period also developed as demonstrated by a number of important legislative activities, such as the still-in-progress amendment to the provisions of the extinctive prescription led by the Ministry of Justice, the amendment to the Enforcement Guidelines of Article 34-1 of the Land Act, and the enactment of the Enforcement Act of Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 748, which are all worthy of introduction in details.