中美貿易戰背景下新能源補貼專向性的法律分析

Legal Analysis on the Specificity of New Energy Subsidies under the Sino-US Trade Conflict

2010年以來，中美之間在新能源補貼領域的國際貿易爭端頻頻發生，爭端焦點多有涉及專向性問題。避免在補貼扶持制度設計中構成專向性既是新能源產業發展的關鍵，也是避免授人以柄的關鍵。本文結合世界貿易組織（以下簡稱WTO）爭端解決機制，從補貼法律專向性、事實專向性、區域專向性、法律專向性和事實專向性的適用關係四個維度歸納了補貼專向性分析的一般性規則要點。本文還在WTO新能源補貼案件統計的基礎上，認定“國內成分要求”是新能源補貼專向性法律分析的關鍵，在WTO涵蓋協定下有很大的被訴和敗訴風險。本文結合中國新能源補貼專向性法律、政策領域的不足，從新能源補貼專向性和一般補貼專向性兩個層面，認為應當正視“國內成分要求”制度隱患，並積極推進新能源補貼制度的漸進式改革。 International trade disputes in the field of new energy subsidies between China and the United States have occurred frequently since 2010, and the focus of disputes is mostly related to the issue of “ Specificity”. Avoiding constitute “ Specificity” in the design of the subsidy and support system is the key to the development of the new energy industry, as well as to avoid giving a hand to other countries. Based on the WTO dispute settlement mechanism, this paper summarizes the general rules of subsidies specificity from four dimensions : de jure specificity, de facto specificity, regional specificity, applicable relationship between de jure specificity and de facto specificity. On the basis of statistics of WTO new energy subsidies cases, this paper concludes that “ Domestic Content Requirement” is the key to the legal analysis of the specificity of new energy subsidies. In addition, “Domestic Content Requirement” has a great risk of being sued and losing under the WTO Covered Agreements. In the light of the deficiencies in the fields of law and policy of China's new energy subsidy specificity, this paper considers that we should face up to the hidden dangers of the system of “Domestic Content Requirement” and actively promote the gradual reform of the new energy subsidy system from the two aspects of the specificity of new energy subsidy and the specificity of general subsidy.