聯合國國際商品買賣公約之出賣人義務與違約責任：與臺灣民法之比較研究

The Seller's Obligations and the Remedies of Nonperformance Under the UN Convention on the International Sales of Goods: A Comparative Study with the Taiwan Civil Code

聯合國國際商品買賣公約（CISG）於1980年通過，在2017年12月底前，已有89個國家簽署。該公約成為嗣後國際契約法文件及各國修法的參考藍本，值得研究。本文以CISG規定出賣人的義務型態及出賣人違約時之救濟方法為研究主題，比較臺灣民法的相關規定，藉以了解臺灣債法及買賣法之規範，與現代國際契約法規範的異同，以期明瞭CISG及臺灣民法的規範特色。本文指出，CISG以契約有效性原則為出賣人違約救濟之立法原則，規定出賣人之瑕疵修補權及替代履行權，臺灣民法並無類似規定。其強調買受人之履行請求權，輔以買受人之催告制度，儘可能使出賣人履行契約，以實現完全履行原則。又買受人必須於重大違約時，始得解除契約，以維護契約之有效性原則，但不以可歸責於出賣人為解除權之行使要件，顯與臺灣法不同。其關於買受人之損害賠償請求權，創設給付障礙之免責事由，與我國之歸責原則，在立法上具有重大不同，但就實務運作而言，並無實質差異。 The UN Convention on the International Sales of Goods governs the seller's obligations and the remedies of seller's nonperformance, both of which are the main topics of this paper, where it also makes a comparison with the Taiwan laws. It is aimed to understand the common and different rules between the Taiwan law and CISG on the law of sales contract. This paper points out that CISC is based on the principle of validity of contract to develop the remedies of seller's non-performance. CISG offers the seller a right to cure his defective performance and a right to substitute performance if possible, both of which are not governed by the Taiwan Civil Code. CISG recognizes the buyer's right to specific performance, with an obligation to notice in order for the seller to perform his duty as possible as he can. Also, the buyer is not entitled to terminate a contract unless the seller's non-performance is a fundamental breach of a contract, which is designed to maintain the principle of validity of contract. The right to termination is not based on the fault principle, different from the Taiwan law. CISG creates the doctrine of impediment beyond the debtor's control for him to avoid liability of compensation, which is also different from the Taiwan law, where Taiwan compensation law is based on the fault principle, although their rules are not significantly different in practice. Where both CISG and Taiwan Civil Code stipulate the rules for a buyer to make claims on specific performance, substitute performance, repair, and price reduction, their practices are different from each other and the CISG rules provide a good reference for Taiwan law when interpreting its Civil Code. In addition to a comparison between CISG and Taiwan Civil Code, this paper also introduce the relevant rules of law stipulated in Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts, Principles of European Contract Law and Draft Common Frame of Reference so as to clarify the application of CISG in the international contract laws. All of these international contract documents demostrate the significance of CISG in the trend of development of international contract law.