買受人之拒絕受領權

The Buyer's Right of Rejection

買受人是否有權拒絕受領有瑕疵標的物之研究，在給付障礙之案例位居核心地位，其涉及到買受人拒絕受領有瑕疵物時，是否會因為違反受領義務而構成受領與給付遲延，亦與如買受人並進而拒絕支付價金時，其是否構成支付價金義務之給付遲延有關。經研究後本文認為，買受人得拒絕受領有瑕疵物之原因有三：1、買受人因得於危險移轉前行使解除權或大的損害賠償請求權而得拒絕受領；2、買受人以受領有瑕疵物後，將行使解除權、大的損害賠償或另行交付無瑕疵物請求權為由，亦即因主張返還標的物之抗辯而得拒絕受領；3、買受人得因出賣人交付之標的物具可補正之瑕疵而拒絕受領。因此若出賣人交付之標的物係具不可補正之瑕疵，買受人即不得以其具有瑕疵為由而拒絕受領，故若買受人欲拒絕受領該標的物，須藉助返還標的物之抗辯。惟無論買受人係基於何種原因而拒絕受領，既然民法第148條第2項明訂，行使權利，履行義務，應依誠實及信用方法，因此誠信原則得作為個案中買受人拒絕受領之界限，自屬當然。 The study of whether the buyer has the right to reject defective objects is the core issue of the cases of breach of contract. It involves whether the buyer will constitute delay in acceptance and performance as (s)he violates the duty of acceptance, should (s)he refuses to accept defective objects. It is also related to whether the buyer will constitute delay in performance of the payment obligation of the contractual price, should (s)he then refuses to pay the contractual price. This article asserts that there are three grounds on which the buyer may refuse to accept defective objects: 1. the buyer may refuse acceptance because (s)he may exercise the right of termination or the right to claim greater damages before transfer of risks; 2. the buyer may refuse acceptance because (s)he would exercise the right of termination or the right to claim greater damages or replacement after acceptance. In other words, (s)he may refuse acceptance by claiming that (s)he would raise the defense that (s)he would return the object; 3. the buyer may refuse acceptance because the defective object delivered by the seller is curable. Thus, if the object delivered by the seller has incurable defects, the buyer may not refuse to accept it because it has defects. Therefore, if the buyer wishes to refuse it, (s)he has to do so through raising the defense that (s)he would return the object. Nevertheless, no matter on what ground the buyer refuses acceptance, Paragraph 2 of Article 148 of the Civil Code expressly specifies that the exercise of rights and the performance of obligations shall be in good faith. It is thus without saying that the principle of good faith may be the limit of the buyer to refuse to take delivery in individual cases.