博物館心智障礙高齡教育活動與評量之比較分析

A Comparative Analysis of Museum Programs for the Elders with Mental Disorders and Evaluations of Programs

當全球面臨心智障礙高齡人口遽增影響，身為服務社會的博物館應提出相應措施面對挑戰。儘管國內外愈來愈多博物館嘗試為此群體規劃教育活動，但仍較少是以整合性觀點進行比較研究。因此，本研究以歐美與亞太區域共六間博物館的心智障礙高齡教育活動為比較案例，瞭解其活動規劃原則、活動模式與評量等差異。其研究結果顯示歐美的活動規劃原則著重於強調社會平權與博物館學習理論；且部分案例提及「治療的可行性」，試圖突顯博物館與文化藝術機構在高齡社會的多元角色與重要性。雖然博物館是否具有「治療性」，目前仍未具有高度共識，但不可否認的是已有數篇研究指出心智障礙高齡者參與博物館活動後的確產生改善性效益。亞太案例則重視高齡學習，無論是運用博物館教育理論或高齡學習理論，皆希望長者在參與活動的過程中學習新東西，強化學習能力並從中建立良好的自我概念等助益。並鼓勵長輩發揮其剩餘能力，提供一個「給予的舞台」，增能、賦權高齡者。就活動模式而言，大多數的案例仍以藝術類為主，且多運用藝術教育人員輔以志工作為活動的促進者。無論國內外博物館心智障礙高齡教育活動內容規劃方式多與館內展示相關，像是特展或常設展等。並透過像是導覽、畫作討論、文物持拿或手作工作坊等執行方式，讓高齡者與文物及展示互動。活動次數上，本文案例較少是長期性活動，但鑑於活動連續性能協助長者強化適應能力，建立安全感，因此，仍建議博物館以規劃長期活動為主要策略。活動評量方面，多數案例運用混合研究作為研究方法，但量化評量工具則有不小差異。臺灣邁入高齡社會已是既定事實，對於心智障礙高齡者的照顧及服務需求日益增加，國內博物館具有服務高齡觀眾的責任與能力，也開始針對高齡者進行服務與舉辦教育活動。於此，本文歸納與分析國內外案例，期能提供國內博物館後續規劃高齡活動與評量之參考。 At a time when the world is facing the effects of rapid aging population growth, especially for those with mental health problems. Museums as social agents should propose alternative solutions for this challenge. Although, more and more museums worldwide today have been trying to design and implement museum programs for those with mental disorders. Little research has been done on comparative analysis for these programs. Therefore, this study tried to propose six museum programs as examples, including two programs in UK, one in USA, three in Singapore, Taiwan and Australia. To understand the principles of these museum programs planning, the program model and the differences of their program evaluations. The results show that (1) the principles of planning programs in UK and USA focused on two parts of “social inclusion” and “museum learning theory”; the cases in Asia Pacific region emphasized to offer the participants a “platform for giving”, encouraged them to contribute their residual capacities. (2) For the models of these museum programs, most programs were held in the art museums, and implemented by professional art educators and museum volunteers. (3) For these evaluations, most programs used mixed methods research (qualitative and quantitative approach) to collect the first- hand data, but, the quantitative research tools were varied. To sum up, as Taiwan has become the aged society, how to offer better services for the elderly, particularly those with mental health problems will be an urgent issue in the near future. Hence, this research induced and analyzed the several museum programs worldwide, the results would provide Taiwanese museums for the reference.