從《申報》「楊乃武案」談上海地方知識生產與角力

Production and Authority Wrestling of Local Knowledge in Shanghai: From the Case of Yang Nai-Wu(楊乃武) in Shen News(申報)

楊乃武與小白菜是晚清四大奇案之一，與上海《申報》有著千絲萬縷的關係。透過分析《申報》報導，可以發現楊乃武一案已經脫離傳統奇案敘事的認知框架，成為清廷、民間與租界上海的三方角力場。本文從案情骨架化的角度切入，欲探討楊案的發展過程，如何藉由案件詮釋，爭奪象徵權力（authority）？而這三方又懷著什麼不同的目的，具有怎樣的角力關係呢？帝國統治者利用報社營造「輿論嘩然」的情況，以此作為師出之名，藉由翻案來打擊地方官員。位於上海的《申報》則透過編輯策略與民間大眾性、匿名性的特質，打開受制於帝國的言論空間，並建立現代媒體權威。民間則利用與新媒體的共謀，直接劍指帝國司法制度，並借鑑上海租界的西方經驗，發出時代的司法啟蒙先聲。最後本文認為發生於餘杭的楊乃武案，「內化」於上海的過程，即是近代傳統帝國與現代知識交鋒的初期，這場交鋒讓上海這個新興現代都市，得以開始生產有別於以往的「地方知識」，甚至成為形塑「上海人」認同的突破點之一。 The case of Yang Nai-Wu was one of the most famous peculiar legal cases in the late-Qing empire, which also had close connections with Shen News. Via the analysis of the related reports in Shen News, it is believed that the case had become a wrestling field of the three major authorities: Qing government, the folks, and Shanghai Concessions. By analyzing events of the case from the reports in Shen News and royal files archived in the Qing court, our study shows that the development of Yan's case actually was a scrabble for symbolic authority. Utilizing public anger, Qing royal took this opportunity to suppress local officials by reversing this case, in an attempt to restore the unbalanced power after the event of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Shen News in Shanghai fought for the freedom of speech and media authority by the editor's strategies and their popularity. Because of the newspaper's advantage in Shanghai Concessions, the Chinese folks even directly criticized the empire's judicial system and spoke out the early voice of judicial enlightenment at that time by the experiences earned from the West. Although Yang's case happened in Hangzhou, it had been internalized within Shanghai, and all internalization process was a confrontation between the traditional empire and the early modern. In the confrontation, Shanghai, a new growing city, had begun to produce its own local information which may shaped the identity of Shanghai residences. In other words, all the post about Yang's case was the appearance of Shanghai-opinions. Yang's case in the collusion of new media and folks had never been the local level case, but a complex symbol and a wrestling field for authority. The factor of Western modernity and Concession area's freedom of speech as the background of Sheng News promoted the early judicial enlightenment, which became one of Shanghai's identities and local knowledge afterward.