以陽明自蔽其心之自我概念論人之惡

On Human Evil: Wang Yangming's Concept of Ego as Self-Occlusion of the Original Mind

陽明以為人之惡最本原處在於人自蔽其心，即謂：惡是有意為之，本文即對此進行倫理學之先驗分析。首先，需區別開屬心理上氣質扭曲本心之誘使因，它可說明人被誘使而生惡行，與屬道德意識的歸責因之概念，它可以說明人因自主而能承責其惡行之主體基礎。依此以詮釋陽明論人之惡，乃是藉其所言自蔽其心之主意，以揭示所謂歸責因乃在一意識層面之自我概念中被理解，從而人能承其責。自蔽不限於人類學的氣質，亦在於自蔽於理而有識蔽；自蔽之所以涉人之惡而不是道德中立的心理事件，乃因它涉否認本心之主意，以至於它須倫理地被理解——被評為惡。然自蔽乃表人之自欺，即是，本心乃實現善之能力，現在人只因無意、不肯於此，而藉口無能而不為。然而，人亦因其無意與不肯而受責，人才能倫理地被理解為一可承責者。 Human evil, according to Wang Yangming, primarily originates in selfocclusion of one's moral mind. That means it is deliberately performed; thus this paper intends to carry out a transcendental ethical analysis of this self-occlusion. It is necessary first to distinguish the concept of seduction from the concept of imputation: the former indicates how the occurrence of evil can become understandable, and the latter how the concept of responsibility can become possible. The interpretation of Yangming's ethical understanding of evil, therefore, is dependent upon revealing a cause of the imputation belonging to moral consciousness of the self-concept in order to explain the possibility for the concept of responsibility by the intention of the selfocclusion of the original mind. Self-occlusion belongs not only to human physical temperaments, but also to something reasonable, so that it may be characterized as obscuration of knowledge. The reason self-occlusion related to evil is not an ethically neutral mental state is that it is an intention to deny its moral mind so that it is certainly understood ethically and is evaluated as evil. Self-occlusion means a self-deception, which indicates that the mind is essentially an ability for good, but now is negated by the excuse of inability to carry it out, but which is really due to one's unwillingness to carry out such an intention. A human, however, can be evaluated as evil and responsible only because of his lack of awareness and unwillingness; ethically, he can be seen as bearing responsibility.