| 中文摘要 |
宋元以迄明清，唐宋古文統緒逐漸形成，成為古典散文寫作之大宗。相對於唐前《文選》為代表、按體類編排的文章正典，唐宋古文正典轉向了一個以「大家」為中心的譜系。這一變化何以發生？古文正典為何選擇了按作家詮次，而不是以文體或技法作為其分類原則？已有的研究對此問題關注不多。本文希望由此切入，探討古文經典化過程與理學思想、科舉教育等因素的互動關係。宋元以降，理學家發展出一套細密而富有實踐性的讀書工夫論，強調精思熟讀和為學次第；「唐宋八大家」之經典化，正是在理學工夫論的影響之下，形成以作家為中心的縱向譜系，循序漸進地展開學文課程。讀書作文之實踐工夫，在元明時期更藉由書院教育和科舉指南的刊刻流布而蓬勃發展。理學家讀書法用一套整體的學習規畫，貫穿了經學與古文經典，塑造了近世中國一般士人的知識世界。
“The Eight Masters of the Tang and Song” constitute the canonical genealogy of prose writing in late imperial China. Recent studies have identified the origins of this genealogy and clearly delineated the early stages of its canonization. However, little work has been done on the formation of this canon. How were the masterpieces categorized? Why were they put into such an order? Compared with the old canon of the Wenxuan, which organized literary works according to various genres, this new canon of guwen prose organized its material by author. What made this transition possible? In this paper, I demonstrate that the masters-oriented prose canon was actually an embodiment of the Neo-Confucian learning process, which insisted upon the intensive study of a limited set of paragons. A new genre of study guides, referred to collectively as “the art of reading” books, was created to integrate training in prose writing and the process of reading classics as a holistic program of education, aimed at both moral cultivation and success in the civil service examinations. It did not take long for this program to find popularity among elites in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, thanks to the printing press and the network of local academies. With interdisciplinary perspectives of philosophical thought, literary criticism and social history, this study aims to explore the interaction between Neo-Confucian reading guides and the construction of the prose canon, and to shed new light upon the study of canonization as well as the history of Chinese literature. |
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