原住民族人口老化空間分布與動力分析

The Spatial Distribution and Dynamic Analysis of Ageing of Indigenous Population in Taiwan

臺灣人口逐步邁向老化。相較全體人口，原住民族雖整體而言較為年輕，但是原住民族人口亦逐步邁向高齡化，若以65歲以上人口所佔比例來看，在2016年時，已跨越7％，若以55歲為老年人口，則原住民人口在2003年之老人比例達11.5％，在2017年則高達18％，在其女性人口中，五人之中即有一位是老年人口。相較全體人口而言，原住民族之人口分布本身即有相當之聚集傾向，在此脈絡下，本文分析原住民族之人口老化於鄉鎮層級之空間分布。原住民族人口高度集中於傳統原住民族地區，由於人口遷移之影響，因而人口分布除了在平地鄉與山地鄉之外，泰半人口集中在都會地區。在都市與原鄉中，人口老化情形有相當差異，平地鄉人口老化較嚴重，山地鄉整體之年齡反而比平地鄉年輕，不過，在都市地區之原住民人口仍然是最為年輕的。以鄉鎮市區而言，原住民在花東地區之平地鄉聚集較多老年人口，其人口老化程度較為明顯，至於幼年人口則多集中在各都會市區。同時，分析原住民人口之老化動力，則發現原住民之出生率之減緩老化效果都高於死亡率之減緩效果。在考慮原住民人口之服務與福利輸送時，應考慮原住民人口之分布以及老年人口之空間分布，以及其文化脈絡，才能貼近其需求。 The population of Taiwan is gradually and steadily moving towards ageing. Compared with the entire population, although the indigenous people is younger , the population of the indigenous people is gradually moving towards an ageing population. In 2016, the proportion of the indigenous people over the age of 65 has exceeded 7%. The proportion of the indigenous population over the age of 55 has exceeded 11.5% in 2003 and reached 18% in 2017. Of the female population, one out of five is elderly. This article analyzes the spatial distribution of the older population of indigenous people at the township level. The population of indigenous people is highly concentrated in traditional aboriginal areas. In urban and rural areas, the population ageing situation is quite different. The population of plain-area township is more and more aging. The overall age of mountain-area township is even younger than that of plain-area township. However, the indigenous population in urban areas is still the youngest. The aging of the indigenous population is concentrated in plain-area township of Hualien and Taitung counties where the aging of the indigenous population is more obvious. As for young indigenous people, they are mostly concentrated in urban areas. Besides, in the indigenous population, the effect of birth rate on slowing aging is higher than that of mortality. When considering the services and benefits delivery of the indigenous population, the distribution of the indigenous population and the spatial distribution of the elderly population, as well as their cultural context, should be taken into account to meet their needs.