論海洋詩裡的王者氣象－－以曹操〈觀滄海〉與楊廣〈望海〉為主

On theKing’s Symbol in Ocean-themed Poems－Cao Cao’s “Guan Cang Hai”and Yang Guang’s “Wang Hai”

歷代海洋詩的創作者眾，其中曹操（155-220）〈觀滄海〉與楊廣（569-618）〈望海〉二詩皆屬岸上遊觀性質，筆下亦皆透顯王者氣概，於海洋詩歌的研究上，實有比並而論的價值。然而，曹操乃建安文學的代表，楊廣可說是唐音的前輩，兩者或居於中國詩歌史上備受標榜的時代，或處於詩歌盛世的前夕，他們的海洋詩歌所展現的特質，乃至於體式與題材的運用皆充滿了開拓性與承繼內涵。本文透過寫作背景的考察，推敲二詩的撰作心態；先剖論二詩的意象建構與語言表現，釐清曹詩「吞吐宇宙」的王者氣象，以及楊詩仙道想像的內在結構；再論析二詩的體式與用韻，藉以呈現二者在中國詩歌史上的位置，從而論證〈觀滄海〉、〈望海〉二詩在時代政治、社會與文學的激盪下，所表現出的美學特質。總結而論，二詩實分屬於中國傳統詩歌「自然言說」與「編織文章」形式的兩個區間，在體式與內容交互影響下，分別有了渾然雄健與婉麗清雅的不同表現，遂使〈觀滄海〉與〈望海〉二詩成為含藏異代不同質素的王者之音，前後映顯出傳統詩歌海洋書寫的多采光譜。

Many writerswrote ocean-themed poemsin every dynasty of China. In these poems, Cao Cao(155-220)’s “Guan Cang Hai (“Gaze the Endless Sea”)” and Yang Guang(569-618)’s “Wang Hai (“Look Over The Sea”)” are “traveling and watching” type poemsand their contents reveal the kinghood. When it comes to studying ocean-themed poems, these two poems are worthy of beingdiscussed together.However, Cao Cao is a key figure of Jianan Literature, while Yang Guang lived in the period just before Tang dynasty. Both of them lived in the periodsor just before themthat wereimportant in Chinese poetryhistory.The styles and themes that they used, as well as the characteristics in describing the ocean are full of intensions of pioneering and succeeding. This paperexplainsthese two poems’ backgrounds when they were created. The methods include analyzing the structures of images and the usages of phrases to realize Cao’s kinghood of “watching the universe” and Yang’s imagination’s structureinimmortality, as well as analyzing theirstyles and rhymes to reveal the importance of two poems in Chinese poetryhistory, thereby provingthe aesthetics of “Guan Cang Hai” and “Wang Hai”in the transformations of politics, society, and literature during their authors’ periods.To sum up, both poems belong to Chinese traditional poeticcategories of “describing nature” or “editingarticles.” Amidthe influence of styles and contents, two poems’ kinghood has been revealedas “full of strength” or “subtle and elegent,” To be sure,these two poemsinclude different types of information of kinghood, as well as reveal the variationsof ocean descriptionsin traditional Chinese poetry.