論閩南語的[X khuã5 bãi6 le0]

On the [X khuã5 bãi6 le0] structure in Taiwan Sothern Min

本文從文獻語料出發，考察臺灣閩南語口語用「看 khuã5」，共時存在的語法表現。重點論述口語裏的「X 看覓咧 X khuã5 bãi6 le0」，並嘗試對這個句式提出一致的結構解析。除了「前言」與「結語」之外，本文討論三個子題，可概述如下：（一）簡單回顧既有關於閩南語「看khuã5」的描寫與研究。主要說明：和一般語言一樣，漢語的視覺感官動詞「看」及方言中與“看”義相當的語位，普遍的有泛化的認知用法，並往往延伸出程度不等的「建議（「提請注意」）、嘗試（勸請測試）」的情態含意。臺灣閩南語自不例外，看khuã5」也與非視覺範疇的語義概念有互動的關係。（二）從比較方言的角度，論述臺灣閩南語口語的「V 看覓咧」如「食看覓咧tsiaʔ8 khuã5 bãi6 le0」，大致相當於北方官話（或標準語，Standard Mandarin）的「吃吃看」或「吃看看」。學者一般認為，此一結構的補語對核心動詞提供表示「嘗試（tentative）」的情態語義。本文論述，「tsiaʔ8 khuã5 bãi6 le0」應該是謂語句，基本結構式為[cp[[vp tsiaʔ8] [vp khuã5 bãi6]]le0]。換言之，漢語方言普遍的，「VV看」（或「V看看」）與「V khuã5　bãi6 le0」一樣，最初可能應該都是由連謂式發展而來的述補結構小句，「V看／看看／ khuã5 bãi6」都是動詞性的補語。（三）臺灣閩南語的「V khuã5 bãi6 le0」是可以擴展的，如「你ka6/hɔ6 我看覓咧li3 ka6 gua3 khuã5 bãi6 le0」。這個時候，根據X的內涵，「khuã5 bãi6 le0」可以有不止一種，即溫和的勸請、與近乎恫嚇的命令之情態語義；補語「khuã5 bãi6」的指向，也有所不同。此一現象，顯示語句「li3 ka6/hɔ6 gua3 khuã5 bãi6Le0」的核心是輕動詞ka6/hɔ6。然則，補語「看覓khuã5 bãi6」並未丟失其為視覺動詞的本質，正是動詞性的補語。 Based on the written materials, this article explored both the colloquial usage and the synchronic phenomena of 'khuã5' (to watch) in Taiwan Southern Min(abbreviated to TSM). With an emphasis on discussing the structure [X 看覓咧 X khuã5 bãi6 le0], we try to bring up an identical structural analysis on it. Except for the Introduction and Conclusion, this article falls into three sections: (1) We looked back on the related studies of 'khuã5' in TSM and found that vision verb '看' in Mandarin and Chinese dialects has an grammatical epistemic usage and some modality meanings such as suggestion and tentativeness. In TSM, the same situation is observed and there is an interaction between vision verb 'khuã5' and the concept of non-vision meaning category. (2) In the light of the comparison between dialects, we thought that the structure 'V 看覓咧' in TSM is equal to '吃吃看' or '吃看看 ' in standard Mandarin. In this article, we indicated that 'tsiaʔ8 khu ã5 bãi6 le0' is a predicate phrase, and its structure could be described as [cp [vp tsiaʔ8] [vp khuã5 bãi6]] le0]. In other words, predicate complement phrase 'V 看覓咧' is derived from the preceding serial verb construction. (3) In TSM, the structure 'V khuã5 bãi6 le0' could be extended such as '你 ka6/hɔ6 我看覓咧 li3 ka6/hɔ6 gua3 khuã5 bãi6 le0' According to the properties of X, 'V khuã5 bãi6 le0' could be explained as several different modality meanings, including expostulation imperative and intimidation; meanwhile, the complement element 'khuã5 bãi6' could have different references too. The phenomena mentioned above suggest that the head element of 'li3 ka6/ho6 gua3 khuã5 bãi6 le0' is a light verb ka6 or hɔ6. It means that the element 'khuã5 bãi6' does not withdraw the nature of vision verb and could be treated as a verbal complement.