特種外匯：國民黨威權政府與外匯的管制弊端

Franchise Foreign Exchange: KMT authoritarian regime and the disadvantages of foreign exchange control

1950至1959年國民政府在臺灣初期，基於戰後臺灣惡性物價通貨膨脹之經濟問題，採取干預匯率市場及限制特定產業進出口的貿易政策，以「複式匯率」制度為代表，對臺灣實施經濟管制，建立起公營事業為主的管制經濟體系。「特種外匯」即是在管制經濟體系背景下，成為黨國特權及公營資本牟利之工具。「特種外匯」只對黨員的特許性質，造成臺灣產業及貿易發展遲滯，只有極少數擁有特權者坐享利益，讓餘下之經濟及社會弊病苦果由當時社會大眾所承擔。諸如「國營及黨營事業」藉著「複式匯率」之外匯制度及「特種外匯」政策日益坐大，成為鞏固國民黨在臺灣長達半個世紀「黨國威權體制」之豐厚資產來源。本文透過《自由中國》文獻，回顧1950至1959年間臺灣「特種外匯」管制境況，並藉相關政治經濟學文獻，分析戰後初期國民政府對臺經濟及外匯政策，以評析相關政策對臺經濟發展之影響。 From 1950 to 1959, the Kuomintang (KMT) regime adopted a series of trade and exchange rate policies in responding to the crisis of hyperinflation. Among the exchange rate policies, the “Multiple Exchange Rate ” policy is the most representative, especially its secret “Franchise Foreign Exchange”. Under the import and export restriction, the foreign exchange was strictly controlled by the party-state. The Multiple Exchange Rate gave companies different exchange rates according to different industry categories. Which industry was the privileged one? It was totally decided by the KMT regime. Private enterprises seldom got enough foreign exchange for importing foreign goods. But the Franchise Foreign Exchange gave a chance to those who were close to the privileged class of the KMT. The Franchise Foreign Exchange was much more expensive than the official exchange rate, but it allowed the “politically qualified” private enterprise to get the foreign exchange for imported goods which were restricted by the KMT regime. Based on the research of Free China ( 自由中國 ) magazine, the Multiple Exchange Rate and its Franchise Foreign Exchange caused the sluggish development of Taiwan's industry in the 1950s. This article focused on the content of the Multiple Exchange Rate policy and its impacts on Taiwan's economy. We also evaluated the trade and exchange rate policies implemented by the KMT regime during the 1950s.