宋元韻圖果假合流的語音基礎

The Phonetic Basis for the Jia-Guo Group Merge in Song and Yuan Rhyme Tabless

馮蒸（1989）指出宋元南戲、宋元韻圖假攝字讀入果攝字，唐宋詩詞則果攝字讀入假攝字，這兩種押韻模式正巧相反，這樣的現象顯示了中古後期漢語存在「標準語」、「口語」兩類音讀現象。宋元韻圖「假附入果」的模式與宋元南戲平行，其語音背景當來自南方。現代漢語方言果假兩攝一般讀音不同，則是推鏈音變結束後，音類再次分立的結果。 Feng Zheng 馮 蒸 points out that the characters in the jia group 假 攝 generally merge into the guo group 果 攝 in nanxi ( 南 戲 southern dramas) and in the rhyme tables of the Song and the Yuan dynasties. The reverse is true in Tang and Song poetry, where characters of the guo group generally merge into the jia group. There is a bipartite development—one promulgated by the central government as standard or literary, and the other used in the common spoken language. The jia group rhymes with the guo group in nanxi as a result of the counterclockwise push-chain shift ( 逆時針推鏈變化 ) of the main vowels in the xie 蟹攝 , jia and guo groups. The vowel shift began with the second division characters 二等字 of the xie group originally pronounced as diphthong /ai/ which became monophthong /a/. This displaced the characters in the jia group, which were raised to /o/. Due to this new /o/ from the jia group, the characters in the guo group were raised or diphthongized. The jia group temporarily merged with the guo group during the long process during which the vowels in the jia group were raised. The mode of the jia group merging into the guo group in the rhyme tables of the Song and the Yuan dynasties parallels that in the nanxi. These sound changes originated from Southern Chinese. The pronunciations of the guo group and the jia group are different in modern Chinese dialects: they did not merge because the vowel shift above had already occurred. So in most instances, Modern Chinese dialects still have the same number of vowel phonemes among the xie, guo and jia groups after the vowel shift as Middle Chinese dialects did before the vowel shift.