拉丁美洲原住民族諮商同意權──南美洲安地斯地區的相關法令觀察

Latin American Aboriginal Prior Consultation Rights: Observations of decrees relevant in the Andean Region

從國際勞工組織在1989年通過『169公約』到聯合國在2007年通過『原住民族權利宣言』，美洲國家組織的「美洲公約』、草擬的『美洲原住民族權利宣言』、和人權法院的判決，國際對原住民族諮商同意權利的行使概念漸漸進入拉丁美洲國家的憲法和國內法令。拉丁美洲幅員廣大，從北美洲的墨西哥、中美洲的宏都拉斯和巴拿馬，到南美的巴西和智利，都有不同層次的相關案件事例經驗，但若要從法律觀點，南美洲安地斯地區國家的發展有先驅性模範，其中尤其特別的是祕魯，拉丁美洲第一個擁有原住民族事先諮商權利的專法國家。本論文選擇南美洲安地斯地區國家政府就原住民族諮商同意權在法律層面的推進過程，從憲法、一般法的運用到原住民族事先諮商專法的設置，觀察玻利維亞、厄瓜多、哥倫比亞和秘魯的相關法規設置和運用。 From the International Labour Organization's 169 Convention to the Declaration on the Indigenous Peoples Rights of the United Nations, the Inter-American Convention of the Organization of American States, the Inter-American Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples approved by Inter American Commission on Human Rights and the judgment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the globe concept of the exercise of the prior consultation right with indigenous peoples has gradually enter the constitution and domestic laws of Latin American countries. There are many different levels of relevant cases from North America, Central America and in South America, Mexico, Honduras, Panama, Brazil and Chile, but from a legal point of view, the Andes regional countries has a pioneering model, with particularity being Peru, the first country in Latin American has an exclusive law of prior consultation right of indigenous people. This article observe the process of the Andean region governments on the legal level from the application of the Constitution and the general law to the establishment of the special law, relevant regulations and application in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.