塑造文昌帝君──文昌信仰源起與發展新探

The Making of the Lord of Literature: A New Exploration into the Origin and Development of Wenchang Cult

本文從文昌帝君形成的過程闡明梓潼神和文昌宮星神祇脈絡的具體意義，並闡明國家政權、道士群體與地方士人分別扮演的角色。首先說明文昌帝君最初始的神格為四川梓潼的地方神，梓潼神至北宋時期逐步出現庇佑士人祿運之靈驗傳說，並且日漸受到士人階層熱烈的歡迎。到了南宋隆興年間（1163-1164），四川道士劉安勝為擴大道教的影響力、增強道教的信仰基礎，將受到廣大士人崇奉的梓潼神納入道教神明譜系之中。劉安勝透過「改名」與「化生」等方式，將地方上的梓潼神與被視為國家祭禮的「文昌」宮星融合為文昌帝君，藉此使梓潼神正統化，同時也為北宋梓潼神增添庇佑士人祿運的神能取得合理化的解釋。至元代延祐三年（1316）時，蒙元政權正式敕封梓潼神為「輔元開化文昌司祿宏仁帝君」，這個稱號就是源於南宋四川道士劉安勝扶鸞造作經書的成果，「文昌帝君」的名稱也因而持續沿用至今。 This paper aims to clarify the development and merging of the Wenchang cult. It argues that the cult originated from the Divine Lord of Zitong in Sichuan, and was merged with the Wenchanggong Star through the efforts of renaming and reincarnation by the Southern Song Taoist clergy Liu An-sheng in 1163-1164, in order to expand the influence of Taoism. As a result, the Mongolian government officially bestowed the title “Wenchang Dijun” to the Divine Lord of Zitong in 1316, the name of which has been used to the present day.