要素重配置之效益

Productivity Gains from Factor Reallocation

本文實證分析結果顯示，1962至1987年間，隨著出口高速擴張及出口部門規模不斷擴大，總資源充分就業，促進經濟高度成長，平均每年經濟成長率高達9.5%，其中勞動生產力大幅提高（成長率連6.2%）則為主要來源。同一期間，勞動重配置的效果對總勞動生產力成長率的貢獻占1.2個百分點（19.4%）；總要素重配置效果顯著，對總要素生產力平均成長率4.0%的貢獻占1.5個百分點（37.5%），而對經濟成長的貢獻率亦達15.8%的水準。1988至1996年間，勞動重配置效果對總勞動生產力平均成長率5.3%的貢獻僅為0.6個百分點，等於前一期的一半；總要素重配置效果對總要素生產力平均成長率2.8%的貢獻遽然降為0.7個百分點，對經濟成長的貢獻率亦降至10.4%，遠低於前一期的貢獻率。要素重配置效果的逆轉，主要係因經濟高度自由化加速推展，圍內市場競爭劇烈，輕工業原享有的競爭優勢喪失，紛紛停工歇業，被解雇的大量初級勞工（社會的低所得階層）為繼續維持生計，不得不轉入生產力成長率較低的非貿易財部門。 Taiwan's high rate of economic growth (9.5%) from 1962 to 1987 was largely accounted for by the sharp rate of increase, at 6.2%, of aggregate labor productivity. Of that increase, 1.2 percentage points (19.4%) came from the reallocation of labor. Total factor reallocation contributed 1.5 percentage points (37.5%) to the 4.0% average growth in aggregate factor productivity, and accounted for 15.8% of economic growth. From 1988 to 1996, the contribution of labor reallocation to aggregate labor productivity growth was half that of the preceding period, at 0.6 percentage point. The aggregate labor productivity growth rate was down almost one percentage point, at 5.3%. As a consequence, total factor reallocation contributed just 0.7 percentage point, down more than half, to the much lower 2.8% aggregate factor productivity growth, while accounting for a sharply reduced to 10.4% of economic growth. Rapid liberalization of an economy tends to intensify competition in the domestic market and reduce the competitive advantage of light industries. Large numbers of low-skilled workers (on low incomes) are laid off and forced to sustain their livelihood by taking jobs in the less productive non-trade service sector, thus considerably weakening the total factor reallocation effect.

Taiwan's high rate of economic growth (9.5%) from 1962 to 1987 was largely accounted for by the sharp rate of increase, at 6.2%, of aggregate labor productivity. Of that increase, 1.2 percentage points (19.4%) came from the reallocation of labor. Total factor reallocation contributed 1.5 percentage points (37.5%) to the 4.0% average growth in aggregate factor productivity, and accounted for 15.8% of economic growth. From 1988 to 1996, the contribution of labor reallocation to aggregate labor productivity growth was half that of the preceding period, at 0.6 percentage point. The aggregate labor productivity growth rate was down almost one percentage point, at 5.3%. As a consequence, total factor reallocation contributed just 0.7 percentage point, down more than half, to the much lower 2.8% aggregate factor productivity growth, while accounting for a sharply reduced to 10.4% of economic growth. Rapid liberalization of an economy tends to intensify competition in the domestic market and reduce the competitive advantage of light industries. Large numbers of low-skilled workers (on low incomes) are laid off and forced to sustain their livelihood by taking jobs in the less productive non-trade service sector, thus considerably weakening the total factor reallocation effect.