臺灣西北部藻礁海岸重金屬污染分析

Heavy Metal Pollutions in Algal Reef Coasts of Northwest Taiwan

為瞭解臺灣西北部藻礁海岸重金屬污染情形，針對桃園市至新竹縣新豐海岸採樣，按河流出口及地理位置先分15段海岸，再依海岸類型設置採樣站，共81站，採集工作於2014-2015年進行，分別重複採集，取得藻礁或沙粒樣本，各樣本以X-射線螢光光譜儀進行32種重金屬濃度測定，共525個樣本資料進入分析。先採用多變數分析以定量數據來計算樣本之相關性，依據主成分分析之分布序列圖及群團分析樹狀圖的結果概分為4群。第1群鈣、鈧、鍶、硫，礁體完整且覆沙較少處，會有較高的鈣值，鍶在新街海岸C4採樣站測得最大值8147ppm，硫的平均值2083.3ppm，最大值16,183ppm採集自草漯海岸E1採樣站，都是異常偏高。第2群鋅、鎳、銅、錳、鐵、砷、鉛、鉬，大多是常見於傳統工業放流水中的元素，流經觀音工業區的富林溪、樹林溪，以及流經大園工業區的老街溪，數值極端的高，富林海岸F1採樣站，鋅最大值2077.2ppm，鎳最大值456.1ppm，還有，鉻最大值351ppm，及F3採樣站之銅最大值1249.8ppm，都遠遠超過土壤污染管制標準污染物之標準值，確實遭到嚴重污染，尚未明列於環保署的排放標準法規中的也都測到最高值，例如，鈦最大值5087.9ppm，鐵最大值138332ppm。另還有鋇1479.7ppm、銫457.2ppm、錫245.2ppm這3種也是在富林海岸F1採樣站測得最大值，這3種元素與銀、鎘、鈀、銻、碲共列為第3群，最大值除鋇、銫、錫3種採集自富林海岸外，其餘最大值均於坡頭海岸之O5採樣站檢測出。觀新藻礁為台灣目前唯一受到保護的藻礁海岸，但核心區、緩衝區還是有錳、汞、鎘、銣、鈧、釷、鈀等分別被測到最大值或平均值之最高值。比較往年資料，觀音、新屋藻礁海岸鋯含量高，本研究鋯的最大值2778ppm，數值略為降低。珊瑚藻建礁過程可能會累積這些元素，與沙質海岸吸附重金屬程度並不相同，本研究將525個樣本概分為礁體樣本及沙粒樣本，很多元素在生物礁內之數值皆明顯高於沙粒，上述3群元素大多數都是如此，然第4群元素鈦、鉀、銣、釩、鉻，平均值卻反而是沙岸高於礁岸，特別需注意的是這5種元素的平均值全都在蘆竹海岸檢測到最高值。本研究證實臺灣西北部藻礁海岸之重金屬污染情形嚴重，然各海岸段有不同的污染物的來源，富林海岸、老街海岸以傳統工業為主，坡頭海岸污染物全都是稀有重金屬，觀新藻礁及永安漁港兩側海岸則混雜多種因素。 This study is an investigation of heavy metal pollution in the algal reef coasts of northwest Taiwan in 2014-2015. The coasts between Taoyuan and Sinfeng, Hsinchu, were divided into 15 segments according to estuary and geographical locations, then sampling stations were set up according to coast type. A total of 525 algal reef and sand samples were gathered to measure the concentration of 32 heavy metals by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed on the quantitative data to compare the samples. Four groups of elements were further categorized based on ordination of principal component analysis and dendrograms from cluster analysis. The first group of elements included calcium(Ca), scandium(Sc), strontium(Sr) and sulfur(S). As the reefs were complete and seldom covered by sand, calcium would be found in higher concentration. At Sinjie coast C4 station, the maximum content of strontium was found at 8147ppm and the average of sulfur was 2083.3ppm; and at Caota coast E1 station, the maximum content of sulfur was 16,183ppm, showing unusually high values. The second group, specifically zinc(Zn), nickel(Ni), copper(Cu), manganese(Mn), iron(Fe), arsenic(As), lead(Pb) and molybdenum(Mo), are elements commonly founded in effluents of traditional industrial areas. Extremely high values were detected at Fulin coast F1 station, with zinc showing a maximum value of 2077.2ppm, nickel 456.1ppm, chromium(Cr) 351ppm; and at F3 station the maximum value of copper was 1249.8ppm. These results are all far above the standard soil pollution control values for criteria pollutants. Highest values of elements that are not listed in the EPA's standards were also found. For example, the maximum value of titanium was 5087.9ppm and iron 138332ppm. In addition, barium(Ba) was measured at a maximum of 1479.7ppm, cesium(Ce) 457.2ppm and tin(Sn) 245.2ppm at Fulin coast F1 sampling station, showing serious pollution. These three elements along with silver(Ag), cadmium(Cd), palladium(Pd), antimony(Sb), tellurium(Te) were categorized into the third group. Samples with maximum value of barium, cesium and tin were collected from Fulin coast, and maximum values of the other elements were found at Potou coast O5 station. Guan-Sing algal reefs are Taiwan's only protected algal reef coast. However, the highest or average values of manganese, mercury(Hg), cadmium, rubidium(Rb), scandium, thorium(Th), palladium were found there. Compared to data from 2011-2012, zirconium (Zr) slightly reduced to a maximum value of 2778ppm. During the reef algae building process, these elements may accumulate and may not have the same degree of heavy metal adsorption as sandy shores. In this study, 525 samples were divided into reef and sand samples. As shown by the first three groups, many elements in the reef samples were found to be significantly higher than that of the sand samples. However, the fourth group of elements, specifically titanium(Ti), potassium(K), rubidium, vanadium(V) and chromium, showed a reversal, with higher concentrations found in the sand samples rather than the reef samples. It should be especially noted that the highest values of these five elements were all detected in Luchu coast. This study found that heavy metal pollution in algal reef coast of northwest Taiwan is serious. Each segment had different sources of pollutants. Fulin and Laojie coasts were mostly polluted by traditional industries, Potou coast was polluted by rare metals, Guan-Sing algal reefs coast and the coast on both sides of Yongan Fishing Port were polluted by a complicated mix of factors.

This study is an investigation of heavy metal pollution in the algal reef coasts of northwest Taiwan in 2014-2015. The coasts between Taoyuan and Sinfeng, Hsinchu, were divided into 15 segments according to estuary and geographical locations, then sampling stations were set up according to coast type. A total of 525 algal reef and sand samples were gathered to measure the concentration of 32 heavy metals by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed on the quantitative data to compare the samples. Four groups of elements were further categorized based on ordination of principal component analysis and dendrograms from cluster analysis. The first group of elements included calcium(Ca), scandium(Sc), strontium(Sr) and sulfur(S). As the reefs were complete and seldom covered by sand, calcium would be found in higher concentration. At Sinjie coast C4 station, the maximum content of strontium was found at 8147ppm and the average of sulfur was 2083.3ppm; and at Caota coast E1 station, the maximum content of sulfur was 16,183ppm, showing unusually high values. The second group, specifically zinc(Zn), nickel(Ni), copper(Cu), manganese(Mn), iron(Fe), arsenic(As), lead(Pb) and molybdenum(Mo), are elements commonly founded in effluents of traditional industrial areas. Extremely high values were detected at Fulin coast F1 station, with zinc showing a maximum value of 2077.2ppm, nickel 456.1ppm, chromium(Cr) 351ppm; and at F3 station the maximum value of copper was 1249.8ppm. These results are all far above the standard soil pollution control values for criteria pollutants. Highest values of elements that are not listed in the EPA's standards were also found. For example, the maximum value of titanium was 5087.9ppm and iron 138332ppm. In addition, barium(Ba) was measured at a maximum of 1479.7ppm, cesium(Ce) 457.2ppm and tin(Sn) 245.2ppm at Fulin coast F1 sampling station, showing serious pollution. These three elements along with silver(Ag), cadmium(Cd), palladium(Pd), antimony(Sb), tellurium(Te) were categorized into the third group. Samples with maximum value of barium, cesium and tin were collected from Fulin coast, and maximum values of the other elements were found at Potou coast O5 station. Guan-Sing algal reefs are Taiwan's only protected algal reef coast. However, the highest or average values of manganese, mercury(Hg), cadmium, rubidium(Rb), scandium, thorium(Th), palladium were found there. Compared to data from 2011-2012, zirconium (Zr) slightly reduced to a maximum value of 2778ppm. During the reef algae building process, these elements may accumulate and may not have the same degree of heavy metal adsorption as sandy shores. In this study, 525 samples were divided into reef and sand samples. As shown by the first three groups, many elements in the reef samples were found to be significantly higher than that of the sand samples. However, the fourth group of elements, specifically titanium(Ti), potassium(K), rubidium, vanadium(V) and chromium, showed a reversal, with higher concentrations found in the sand samples rather than the reef samples. It should be especially noted that the highest values of these five elements were all detected in Luchu coast. This study found that heavy metal pollution in algal reef coast of northwest Taiwan is serious. Each segment had different sources of pollutants. Fulin and Laojie coasts were mostly polluted by traditional industries, Potou coast was polluted by rare metals, Guan-Sing algal reefs coast and the coast on both sides of Yongan Fishing Port were polluted by a complicated mix of factors.