不入城之旅：明清之際遺民徐枋的身分認同與生命安頓

Xu Fang (徐枋)’s Political Identity in the Ming-Qing Transition

世稱「海內三遺民」的徐枋（1622-1694），在遭逢易代遽變後，「守喪土室，不入城府」，幾經流離遷徙，方於晚年遁隱天平山麓之「澗上草堂」。徐枋對身分的堅持，除了五十年「不入城」之外，面對貧病交迫的窘境，將透過何種自我論辯尋求生命安頓？與入城者又曾開展出何種舟舫雅集的水徑秘會？詩文書畫兼善的長才，成為文人安頓現實生活的憑藉，是以在「城市」之外，流離山巔水涯之際，遂有了諸多遊記與山水圖繪，而此中究竟藉何古典隱喻以寄託遺民之「身分認同」？本論文以「不入城之旅」來指涉這種言說表述與生命姿態，並嘗試剖析文人的自我對話，以及依違於游離／回歸之間的隱微心態。 During the Ming-Qing transition, Ming loyalist Xu Fang (1622-1694) chose to mourn for the Ming by secluding himself at the Jian Shan lodge, located in the foothills of the Tin Ping mountains. Xu Fang adhered to his identity of a Ming citizen, but how did he justify his life choices when suffering from sickness and poverty? While in seclusion, how did he meet with those who chose to enter the town? Many Ming loyalists in seclusion chose to express themselves through poetry and painting; after becoming destitute and homeless, they wrote travelogues and created landscape paintings. But how did they identify and define themselves? This essay focuses on Xu Fang’s “traveling without entering the town” to exemplify the lifestyle choice of many Ming loyalists. Through a case study of Xu Fang, this essay highlights Xu Fang’s attitude toward life while living in a state of seclusion or dissociation.

During the Ming-Qing transition, Ming loyalist Xu Fang (1622-1694) chose to mourn for the Ming by secluding himself at the Jian Shan lodge, located in the foothills of the Tin Ping mountains. Xu Fang adhered to his identity of a Ming citizen, but how did he justify his life choices when suffering from sickness and poverty? While in seclusion, how did he meet with those who chose to enter the town? Many Ming loyalists in seclusion chose to express themselves through poetry and painting; after becoming destitute and homeless, they wrote travelogues and created landscape paintings. But how did they identify and define themselves? This essay focuses on Xu Fang’s “traveling without entering the town” to exemplify the lifestyle choice of many Ming loyalists. Through a case study of Xu Fang, this essay highlights Xu Fang’s attitude toward life while living in a state of seclusion or dissociation.