明清華南海島的經營與開發：以北部灣潿洲島為例

The Management of South China Islands from the Ming to the Qing: A Case Study of Weizhou Island in the Gulf of Tonkin

明清時期華南近海島嶼的開發中，權力和利益的糾葛錯綜複雜，顯示了國家政權擴張與沿海地方社會之間長期調適過程的實態。潿洲島所在北部灣海域自古盛產珍珠，民間以採珠和漁撈為業。明代先後在潿洲島和沿海地區添設採珠內監衙門、遊擊將軍和守海水寨，竭力壟斷珠池，打擊民眾非法私採。潿洲島及其周邊海域成為明政府與「珠盜」周旋角力的舞臺。清代以後，潿洲島上偷渡私墾活動屢禁不止；同時多股「洋盜」在粵西和安南之間出沒，衝擊海防秩序，使官府的海島經營策略長期處於封禁和開放的兩難境地。至清末，法國傳教士協助大批廣東客民移居島上，迫使清政府放棄封禁政策，潿洲島稍具規模的聚落街莊得以逐漸形成，國家行政架構最終在島上穩固起來。基於這個漫長的歷史過程，促成潿洲島上漁民村莊與客家聚落、本土信仰與外來宗教混融共處的獨特歷史遺存和社會文化構成。 This article uses Weizhou Island in the Gulf of Tonkin as a case study to illustrate the long-term processes of the expansion of state power into local society from the Ming to the Qing. Pearl fishers have worked off the coast of Weizhou Island in the Gulf of Tonkin since ancient times. During the Ming, the pearl industry monopoly set up a coastal defense system on Weizhou Island and in its surrounding waters to fight against pearl fishers, causing long-term local disturbances. Later, in the face of illegal immigration and piracy between western Guangdong and Vietnam, the Qing government was in dilemma as to whether to close the island or leave it open to trade and migration. French missionaries helped a large number of Hakka people settle on Weizhou Island in the late Qing, which forced officials to open the island absolutely. At that point, villages were founded and Weizhou Island was ultimately incorporated into the national administrative system.

This article uses Weizhou Island in the Gulf of Tonkin as a case study to illustrate the long-term processes of the expansion of state power into local society from the Ming to the Qing. Pearl fishers have worked off the coast of Weizhou Island in the Gulf of Tonkin since ancient times. During the Ming, the pearl industry monopoly set up a coastal defense system on Weizhou Island and in its surrounding waters to fight against pearl fishers, causing long-term local disturbances. Later, in the face of illegal immigration and piracy between western Guangdong and Vietnam, the Qing government was in dilemma as to whether to close the island or leave it open to trade and migration. French missionaries helped a large number of Hakka people settle on Weizhou Island in the late Qing, which forced officials to open the island absolutely. At that point, villages were founded and Weizhou Island was ultimately incorporated into the national administrative system.