在大我與母性之間：三民主義婦女論述的建構

The Construction of Female Discourse in the Three Principles of the People

本文試圖以文本分析的方式，從理論層面回顧三民主義中婦女論述的建構歷程。透過思想史的回顧，指出在孫中山的論述中，對婦女或性別議題並未特別加以闡發，僅在國民黨相關政綱或宣言等集體共識、以實踐為目的的文字中，提及男女平等的主張。主要是由救國的大我角度，以全稱的方式進行推論，在理論層次方面並不完備與成熟。當三民主義成為國民黨主政後一切法令、政策的合法性根源時，如何從中延伸出與婦女相關的理論，便成為孫中山身後國民黨黨內三民主義理論家或婦女運動者的挑戰。在這逐步擴充和詮釋的過程中，除了繼續延用「大我論」，抹去性別差異的全稱論述，用對大我的貢獻，規範婦女小我的權利和義務；也調度傳統觀念產生「母性論」的觀點，以家庭作為婦女主要的範圍。三民主義以傳統為框架，又成為傳統的包裝，對抗著中共對婦女解放的宣傳。「大我論」和「母性論」成為三民主義婦女論述最主要的基調，兩者和婦女權益之間的拉扯，形成各自不同的論述，又在面對如抗戰動員、反共抗俄等不同現實需要下，做出配合政策的折衝。 This article aims on theoretically reviewing the construction progress of female discourse within the Three Principles of the People by text analysis. Throughout the intellectual history, the discussion on female or gender issues could not be found in Dr. Sun Yat-sen's original statement. Gender equality was mentioned only in collective consensus of Kuomintang such as policy orientation, manifesto and regulation. Announcement inferred under such collective and universal perspective is apparently theoretically incomplete and immature. Nonetheless, the Three Principles of the People became the origin and guideline for laws and decrees after Kuomintang came into power. Thus the Kuomintang fellows and feminists confronted a challenge to extend and develop a theoretical foundation for female-related legislation. In the process of expanding and interpreting, gender difference was ignored while female rights and obligations were confined under a collective viewpoint. In addition, the maternity ideas within traditional concept were merged into the Three Principles of the People, which declared women's household responsibilities. It allowed the Three Principles of the People and the traditional concepts being theoretically supportive to each other. The collective consensus and maternity concept therefore turned into a firm ground for discussion and propaganda against the Communists. In consequence, policies and legislations could be adjusted for implement at emergency circumstances, including the Second Sino-Japanese War and general mobilization, and later the anti-communist and anti-Soviet Union phase.

This article aims on theoretically reviewing the construction progress of female discourse within the Three Principles of the People by text analysis. Throughout the intellectual history, the discussion on female or gender issues could not be found in Dr. Sun Yat-sen's original statement. Gender equality was mentioned only in collective consensus of Kuomintang such as policy orientation, manifesto and regulation. Announcement inferred under such collective and universal perspective is apparently theoretically incomplete and immature. Nonetheless, the Three Principles of the People became the origin and guideline for laws and decrees after Kuomintang came into power. Thus the Kuomintang fellows and feminists confronted a challenge to extend and develop a theoretical foundation for female-related legislation. In the process of expanding and interpreting, gender difference was ignored while female rights and obligations were confined under a collective viewpoint. In addition, the maternity ideas within traditional concept were merged into the Three Principles of the People, which declared women's household responsibilities. It allowed the Three Principles of the People and the traditional concepts being theoretically supportive to each other. The collective consensus and maternity concept therefore turned into a firm ground for discussion and propaganda against the Communists. In consequence, policies and legislations could be adjusted for implement at emergency circumstances, including the Second Sino-Japanese War and general mobilization, and later the anti-communist and anti-Soviet Union phase.