論飯含、明器的虛實義外義──以《禮記‧檀弓》為討論中心

The Implication about the the Virtual and Actual of Fanhan and Mingqi: A Discussion Focusing on Li Ji“Tan Gong”

飯含與明器的「虛」、「實」之辨，俱見於《禮記‧檀弓》。歷來論者多將「飯用米貝，弗忍虛也」之「虛」解為「口虛」，主張飯含乃因孝子不忍親人辭世後口虛無食，故納入米貝，直至盈滿為止；又據曾子論「宋襄公葬其夫人，醯醢百甕」一事，而將「既曰明器，而又實之」之「實」解為「填實」，認為在祭器中放置食物，是亂鬼器與人器。本文針對〈檀弓〉有關明器與飯含的虛、實之辨，參照《儀禮》內容，深入探討其禮制意涵，並就傳世文獻和出土文獻的印證，重新詮釋〈檀弓〉飯含之「虛」與明器之「實」。飯含和明器之「虛」、「實」，除了表層的具體意涵，更分別象徵「事死」與「事生」之道。「事死『如』事生」－－喪道以潔淨為美，哀素為敬；情文相稱，節哀順變，是為中庸。冀能透過本文的研究，體察先秦儒家喪葬觀的人性關懷與生命智慧，進而呈現傳統禮儀文化在現代社會的應用與價值。

“Fanhan ” has antiseptic function, and “mingqi” means funerary objects. Distinguishing between the virtual and actual of fanhan and mingqi appears in Li Ji “Tan Gong”. On this issue of “fanhan with rice and shellfish ”,discussants always interpreted “the virtual of fanhan” as “mouth empty”, advocating it is because of “children cannot bear to have their parent’s die and the emptiness without food”,so put the rice and shellfish in the mouth until it is full. In addition, according to Zengz (曾子) commented “Songxianggong(宋襄公) buried his wife with one hundredurn of vinegar and sauce ”, interpreted “the actual of mingqi ” as “infill”,considering that put food inside shall confuse sacrificial utensil and mingqi. This paper intends to explore the distinguishing between the virtual and actual of fanhan and mingqi in “Tan Gong”, referring to Yi Li(儀禮) , deeply investigate the meaning of etiquette.And confirm by literature handed down and unearthed, reinterpreting the virtual and actualof fanhan and mingqi in “Tan Gong”. Actually ,the“virtual”of fanhan and the “actual”of mingqi , each symbolizes how to treat the dead and living. “Treat the dead‘as if ’ living”--offerings to the dead attached particular importance to natural beauty and clean, and emphasizes acts of piety and charity as respect. Balance emotion and intellect and restrain the grief, is consistent with moderation. The funeral concept of Qin Confucianists contains humanity and life wisdom. Understanding the ethical spiritual of traditional thoughts, therefore, helps one to understand the working of the clan ethics, and the justification by life cycle. And then reflect on the application and values of traditional etiquette culture in modern society.