《春秋》曲筆直書與《左傳》屬辭比事──以《春秋》書薨、不手弒而書弒為例

The Direct Narration and Tactful Expression in Chunqiu and Words Connection and Events Arrangement in Zuozhuan: on Cases of the Terminologies “Hong” and “Regicide” in Chunqiu

《禮記．經解》稱：「屬辭比事，《春秋》教也。」謂連屬上下前後之文辭，類比其相關相反之史事。清章學誠《文史通義．書教上》謂：「《春秋》比事以屬辭，《左氏》不能不取百國寶書，以備其事之始末」；錢鍾書《管錐編》曾言：「《春秋》書法，實即文章之修辭。」筆者本此旨趣，以「屬辭比事」為課題，選取《春秋》弒君書薨之例三，不手弒而書弒之例三，以見《春秋》內外異辭，因文見義：同為弒君，內辭曲筆隱諱，外辭據事直書，《公羊傳》所謂「內其國而外諸夏」者是。《左傳》以敘事說經，頗見本末；或先經、或後經、或依經、或錯經，經傳相互發明，因以求義，經文可知。《左傳》之敘事，或逆攝橫接，或旁顯側映，或以左射右，或以後照前。《春秋》屬辭有微者、晦者、婉者，遂顯著明朗，順理成章。要之，皆有得於「屬辭比事」《春秋》書法之教。宋呂祖謙《春秋左氏傳說》云：「看《左傳》，須看一代之所以升降，一國之所以盛衰，一君之所以治亂，一人之所以變遷。」此唯屬辭比事之書法，可以考見。

According to Liji, one of the most important Confucian Classics, the rhetoric of words connection and events arrangement are highly relevant to Chunqiu‘s ideology. In addition, Zhang Xuecheng, a famous historian in Qing dynasty, regards the comprehensive narration of Zuozhuan as the explanation toward Chunqiu’s rhetoric, namely words connection and events arrangement. Moreover, Qian Zhongshu, a contemporary philologist, also indicates Chunqiu’s Shufa to literary works. Therefore, I’ll give three cases commenting the terminology “Hong” in Chunqiu while those kings are murdered in place of natural death and three cases of “regicide” by others instead of the one recorded. Through this discussion, we’ll see distinct applications to different cases in Chunqiu, especially when it come to internal or external situation. “Neici,” which means a tactful expression, is used to depict domestic affairs. Comparatively, “Waici,” a direct narration, is related to foreign events.