《史記》敘事與《公羊》書法之比較

A Study on Methelogy and Rhetoric of the “Shi-Ji’ Narrative and the “Gongyang Commentary”

錢大昕云：「太史公修《史記》以繼《春秋》，成一家言。」在〈太史公自序〉中，司馬遷透過與壺遂的對話，表明自己以繼承孔子作《春秋》的精神自許。司馬遷尊孔子為聖，視《春秋》為制作之典範，敘事之中處處本《春秋》書法之原則、方法。《史記》在敘事書法上的表現，最終旨趣乃在於「究天人之際，通古今之變，成一家之言」，凸顯史家的歷史解釋，表現自己的史學理想，建立一家之風格。《史記》之於三《傳》，實應「義者《公羊》，事採《左氏》」。所以，《史記》中所言的《春秋》是《公羊傳》。研究「書法」，寄言與修辭二者是不能偏費，必須要兼顧。《公羊傳》以義傳經，闡發《春秋》微言大義，司馬遷自覺繼承孔子作《春秋》，史著中表現對《公羊》義理的繼承。他透過歷史著述的形式，表現「一家之言」。《公羊傳》是經，以義解經，闡發《春秋》微言大義，側重於政治化、倫理化；《史記》是史，以人為經，以事為緯，通過講述故事的方式，記載歷史發展的變化，在敘事之中表現「一家之言」，寄寓史家之敘事意旨及經世資鑑。司馬遷紹承孔子述作精神，並接受《公羊》學派的思想，綜貫古往今來的歷史，藉史形式以表達自己的理想與主張，原始察終，考察古今興壞之理，述往事，思來者，完成體大思精史著。

“Shi-Ji” is in fact has the “Gongyang Commentary” told of the doctrines and the “Zhou’s Spring and Autumn Annals” told of the narratives in the third edition. With that, “Spring and Autumn Annals” referred by “Shi-Ji” would have been the “Gongyang Commentary”. In the study of the narrative literature, there is not to be any overkill between metaphor and rhetoric, but both need to be emphasized equally. With the “Gongyang Commentary” that conveys the imperial teaching through doctrines serving to interpret the meaning of “Spring and Autumn Annals”, great or small, Sima Qian perceives his historical writing of the “Spring and Autumn Annals” extending the teaching of the Confucius is a manifestation of extending the doctrines and rationale of the “Gongyang Commentary”. He has adopted the form of historic narrative to manifest the “Voice of one school”, where his narrative contains historic interpretation, narrative suggestions subtly hinting the historians, and his worldly assessment. The narrative of “Shi-ji” has been a unique technique that Sima Qian has adopted to describe the history and to praise or denounce the characters. While as Sima Qian’s thinking is profoundly influenced by the “Gongyang Commentary”, just how does he manifest thoughts of “Gongyang Commentary” in his narratives, and denounce that of the historians? Between the non-written and the carefully crafted writing, what kind of doctrine and rationale has been manifested in the blank spots of a narrative? This suggests that between, how Sima Qian fulfills his historic mission as a historian in his narrative and writing of the “Shi-ji” has emerged as a study subject that the project aims to explore in in-depth examination.