證據裁判視角下刑事錯案的生成與防治

Analysis on Prevention of Criminal Misjudged Cases from the Perspective of Evidence-governing Principle

有效防治錯案是當前各國立法和刑事司法實踐的共同目標。在我國，許多錯案生成的主要原因在於證據問題：它們均或多或少地違背、忽視證據裁判原則及相關的證據制度和規則。本文以近10年全國範圍內改判無罪的30起典型刑事錯案為研究對象，通過對證據問題的量化分析，找出錯案的內在生成機理，並由此探尋錯案的防治路徑。打破傳統的“偵查中心主義”積極建設“以審判為中心的訴訟制度”，依據相關證據制度和規則，有助於促進錯案防治機制的規範化、系統化、實質化。

The prevention of misjudged cases has become a common consensus in criminal procedural legislation and judicial practice of all countries in modern times. The key cause of criminal misjudged cases lies in the evidentiary matters, namely many misjudged cases begin with violating and ignoring the evidence-governing principle and related evidentiary rules in the criminal proceedings. This paper is based on 30 typical criminal misjudged cases on a national scale as its research sample, all of which had been given judgments of acquittal. It conducts the quantitative analysis of evidence, identifies the intrinsic formation mechanism of criminal misjudged cases and proposes the measures for preventing such misjudgment. In addition, it argues to break the traditional notion of 'investigation centrism', to actively develop a 'trial-centred litigation system' and to regulate relevant evidentiary rules and systems in the light of the evidence-governing principle in the criminal procedure for the purpose of advancing the normalized, systematic and substantiated prevention mechanism of misjudged cases in China.