《合同法》第48條（無權代理規則）評注

A Commentary on the Art. 48 of the Contract Law: The Doctrine of Unauthorized Agency

構成表見代理的情形，相對人不享有主張適用無權代理規則的選擇權。追認並非是嗣後的代理權授予，而是對無權代理行為的嗣後同意。追認的溯及既往力有其例外。無權代理人的責任為一種確保責任，其責任要件和內容均與無權代理人過錯無關；其責任內容為依相對人的選擇履行債務或賠償履行利益或信賴利益；相對人知道或應當知道無權代理的，相應減輕或免除代理人的責任。

The article comprehensively comments Article 48 of Contract law as well as the relevant provisions of 'General Principles of Civil Law' and 'General Provisions of Civil Code' regarding falsus procurator. In case of apparent authority, the counter party is not entitled to apply the relevant provisions regarding unauthorized agency. The ratification is not a subsequent authorization but a subsequent approval to the legal transaction conducted by the falsus procurator. The retroactive effect of ratification is subject to several exceptions. The liability of the falsus procuratoris a kind of guaranty liability the prerequisite and content of which is independent on the fault of the falsus procurator. The content of the liability is the performance, or compensation of expectation damages or reliance damages, subject to the choice by the counter party. Should the counter party knew or should have known the unauthorized agency the liability of the falsus procuratoris reduced or released accordingly.